{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T16:36:38Z","timestamp":1777048598732,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,24]],"date-time":"2021-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629763200000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We report on precise Doppler measurements of L231-32 (TOI-270), a nearby M dwarf (d = 22\u00a0pc, M\u22c6 = 0.39\u00a0M\u2299, R\u22c6 = 0.38\u00a0R\u2299), which hosts three transiting planets that were recently discovered using data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS). The three planets are 1.2, 2.4, and 2.1\u00a0times the size of Earth and have orbital periods of 3.4, 5.7, and 11.4\u00a0days. We obtained 29 high-resolution optical spectra with the newly commissioned Echelle Spectrograph for Rocky Exoplanet and Stable Spectroscopic Observations (ESPRESSO) and 58 spectra using the High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS). From these observations, we find the masses of the planets to be 1.58 \u00b1 0.26, 6.15 \u00b1 0.37, and 4.78 \u00b1 0.43\u00a0M\u2295, respectively. The combination of radius and mass measurements suggests that the innermost planet has a rocky composition similar to that of Earth, while the outer two planets have lower densities. Thus, the inner planet and the outer planets are on opposite sides of the \u2018radius valley\u2019 \u2014 a region in the radius-period diagram with relatively few members, which has been interpreted as a consequence of atmospheric photo-evaporation. We place these findings into the context of other small close-in planets orbiting M dwarf stars, and use support vector machines to determine the location and slope of the M dwarf (Teff &amp;lt; 4000\u00a0K) radius valley as a function of orbital period. We compare the location of the M dwarf radius valley to the radius valley observed for FGK stars, and find that its location is a good match to photo-evaporation and core-powered mass loss models. Finally, we show that planets below the M dwarf radius valley have compositions consistent with stripped rocky cores, whereas most planets above have a lower density consistent with the presence of a H-He atmosphere.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stab2143","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,20]],"date-time":"2021-08-20T19:18:13Z","timestamp":1629487093000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["Masses and compositions of three small planets orbiting the nearby M dwarf L231-32 (TOI-270) and the M dwarf radius valley"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5542-8870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V","family":"Van Eylen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London, Holmbury St Mary, Dorking, Surrey RH5 6NT, UK"},{"name":"Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA"}]},{"given":"N","family":"Astudillo-Defru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Matem\u00e1tica y F\u00edsica Aplicadas, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de la Sant\u00edsima Concepci\u00f3n, Alonso de Rivera 2850, Concepci\u00f3n, Chile"}]},{"given":"X","family":"Bonfils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IPAG, F-38000 Grenoble, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4881-3620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J","family":"Livingston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Hirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4671-2957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R","family":"Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Astrof\u00edsica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias, C\/ V\u00eda L\u00e1ctea s\/n, E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"given":"K W F","family":"Lam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zentrum f\u00fcr Astronomie und Astrophysik, Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Hardenbergstr. 36, 10623 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0174-2466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A B","family":"Justesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Deparment of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"}]},{"given":"J N","family":"Winn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, 4 Ivy Lane, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8627-9628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D","family":"Gandolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125, Torino, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7031-7754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G","family":"Nowak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Astrof\u00edsica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias, C\/ V\u00eda L\u00e1ctea s\/n, E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Palle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Astrof\u00edsica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias, C\/ V\u00eda L\u00e1ctea s\/n, E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Albrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stellar Astrophysics Centre, Deparment of Physics and Astronomy, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark"}]},{"given":"F","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, 1200 E. California Boulevard, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA"}]},{"given":"B Campos","family":"Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrophysics Group, Imperial College London, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4856-7837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J E","family":"Owen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrophysics Group, Imperial College London, Blackett Laboratory, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}]},{"given":"D","family":"Foreman-Mackey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0855-8426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M","family":"Fridlund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Onsala Space Observatory, 439 92 Onsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, postbus 9513, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0076-6239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J","family":"Korth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheinisches Institut f\u00fcr Umweltforschung, Abteilung Planetenforschung an der Universit\u00e4t zu K\u00f6ln, Aachener Strasse 209, 50931\u00a0K\u00f6ln, Germany"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Mathur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Astrof\u00edsica, Universidad de La Laguna, E-38206, Tenerife, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias, C\/ V\u00eda L\u00e1ctea s\/n, E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"given":"T","family":"Forveille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. 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Sweden"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Goffo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125, Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Grziwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Guenther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Th\u00fcringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"A P","family":"Hatzes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Th\u00fcringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Sternwarte 5, D-07778 Tautenberg, Germany"}]},{"given":"J M","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, 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M","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Torino, via Pietro Giuria 1, I-10125, Torino, Italy"}]},{"given":"A M S","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut f\u00fcr Planetenforschung, Deutsches Zentrum f\u00fcr Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Rutherfordstr. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany"}]},{"given":"A Su\u00e1rez","family":"Mascare\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias, C\/ V\u00eda L\u00e1ctea s\/n, E-38205, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Subjak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA 94035, USA"}]},{"given":"J D","family":"Twicken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SETI Institute, 189\u00a0N. 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