{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T10:11:10Z","timestamp":1760609470484,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]],"date-time":"2022-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671580800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010663","name":"ERC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>We present polarimetric maps of the Circinus galaxy nucleus in the BVRI bands, obtained with VLT\/FORS2. Circinus is the closest Seyfert 2 galaxy and harbours an archetypal obscured active galactic nucleus (AGN). Recent high angular resolution imaging revealed that a major fraction of its mid-infrared (MIR) emission is coming from the polar region. Previously, we demonstrated that these observations are consistent with a model of a compact dusty disc and a hyperboloid shell, resembling a hollow cone on larger scales. Here, we focus on the AGN core, up to 40\u00a0pc from the central engine, and compare the observations to the radiative transfer models. Polarization maps reveal a conical structure, coinciding with the ionization cone. The wavelength-dependence of the polarization degree indicates that scattering on dust grains is producing polarization. The observed polarization degree ($\\approx 1-3{{\\ \\rm per\\ cent}}$) is lower than predicted by the models; however, this is only a lower limit, since stellar emission dominates the total flux in the optical. The observed polarization angle (\u224830\u00b0) is reproduced by the model of a dusty disc with a hollow cone that is illuminated by a tilted anisotropic central source. An accretion disc aligned with the ionization cone axis, and alternative dust geometries, such as a paraboloid shell, or a torus enveloped by ambient dust, are inconsistent with the data. We conclude that the optical polarimetric imaging supports earlier evidence for the presence of dust in the polar region, tentatively associated with dusty outflows.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stac3753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,22]],"date-time":"2022-12-22T08:48:17Z","timestamp":1671698897000},"page":"3237-3256","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Dissecting the active galactic nucleus in Circinus \u2013 III. <i>VLT\/FORS2<\/i> polarimetry confirms dusty cone illuminated by a tilted accretion disc"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"519","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5146-8330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marko","family":"Stalevski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Astronomical Observatory , Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Sterrenkundig Observatorium, Universiteit Gent , Krijgslaan 281-S9, Gent B-9000, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9541-0317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gait\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENTRA-Centro de Astrof\u00edsica e Gravita\u00e7\u00e3o and Departamento de F\u00edsica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0880-8963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0110or\u0111e","family":"Savi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astronomical Observatory , Volgina 7, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Astrophysique et de G\u00e9ophysique, Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge , All\u00e9e du 6 Ao\u00fbt 19c, B-4000 Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Kishimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astrophysics & Atmospheric Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University , Kyoto 603-8555, Japan"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Mour\u00e3o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CENTRA-Centro de Astrof\u00edsica e Gravita\u00e7\u00e3o and Departamento de F\u00edsica, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa , Avenida Rovisco Pais, P-1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5357-6538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrique","family":"Lopez-Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics & Cosmology (KIPAC), Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0220-2063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Asmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton , SO17 1BJ, UK"},{"name":"Gymnasium Schwarzenbek , D-21493 Schwarzenbek, Germany"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"2023010915065945100_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/213.4.777","volume":"213","author":"Aitken","year":"1985","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2023010915065945100_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-8711.2000.03285.x","volume":"313","author":"Alexander","year":"2000","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2023010915065945100_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5768","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stac403","volume":"511","author":"Andonie","year":"2022","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2023010915065945100_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1038\/303158a0","volume":"303","author":"Antonucci","year":"1983","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2023010915065945100_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.aa.31.090193.002353","volume":"31","author":"Antonucci","year":"1993","journal-title":"ARA&A"},{"key":"2023010915065945100_bib6","first-page":"147","volume-title":"ASP Conf. 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