{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T19:55:30Z","timestamp":1778010930949,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,7]],"date-time":"2023-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"NASA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005050","name":"MAST","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Hot jupiters (P &amp;lt; 10\u2009d, M &amp;gt; 60\u2009M\u2295) are almost always found alone around their stars, but four out of hundreds known have inner companion planets. These rare companions allow us to constrain the hot jupiter\u2019s formation history by ruling out high-eccentricity tidal migration. Less is known about inner companions to hot Saturn-mass planets. We report here the discovery of the TOI-2000 system, which features a hot Saturn-mass planet with a smaller inner companion. The mini-neptune TOI-2000\u2009b (2.70\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.15\u2009R\u2295, 11.0\u00a0\u00b1\u00a02.4\u2009M\u2295) is in a 3.10-d orbit, and the hot saturn TOI-2000\u2009c ($8.14_{-0.30}^{+0.31}$\u2009R\u2295 , $81.7_{-4.6}^{+4.7}$\u2009M\u2295) is in a 9.13-d orbit. Both planets transit their host star TOI-2000 (TIC\u2009371188886, V\u00a0= 10.98, TESS magnitude\u00a0= 10.36), a metal-rich ([Fe\/H]\u00a0= 0.439 $_{-0.043}^{+0.041}$) G\u00a0dwarf \u2009173\u2009pc away. TESS observed the two planets in sectors\u00a09\u201311 and 36\u201338, and we followed up with ground-based photometry, spectroscopy, and speckle imaging. Radial velocities from CHIRON, FEROS, and HARPS allowed us to confirm both planets by direct mass measurement. In addition, we demonstrate constraining planetary and stellar parameters with MIST stellar evolutionary tracks through Hamiltonian Monte Carlo under the PyMC framework, achieving higher sampling efficiency and shorter run time compared to traditional Markov chain Monte Carlo. Having the brightest host star in the V band among similar systems, TOI-2000\u2009b and c are superb candidates for atmospheric characterization by the JWST, which can potentially distinguish whether they formed together or TOI-2000\u2009c swept along material during migration to form TOI-2000\u2009b.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stad1666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T16:59:14Z","timestamp":1686329954000},"page":"1113-1138","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["<i>TESS<\/i> spots a mini-neptune interior to a hot saturn in the TOI-2000 system"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"524","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5401-8079","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lizhou","family":"Sha","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy, University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison , 475\u00a0N Charter St, Madison, WI 53706 , USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7246-5438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M","family":"Vanderburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139 , USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0918-7484","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chelsea X","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland , West Street, Toowoomba, QLD 4350 Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5080-4117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David J","family":"Armstrong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL , UK"},{"name":"Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL , UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9158-7315","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafael","family":"Brahm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ingenier\u00eda y Ciencias, Universidad Adolfo Ib\u00e1\u00f1ez , Av. Diagonal las Torres 2640, Pe\u00f1alol\u00e9n, Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Millennium Institute for Astrophysics , Macul, Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Data Observatory Foundation , Providencia, Santiago , Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8965-3969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven","family":"Giacalone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Astronomy, University of California at Berkeley , Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7336-7725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mackenna L","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3255 , USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6588-9574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen A","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Astrophysics | Harvard\u00a0& Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 , USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5254-2499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise D","family":"Nielsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Southern Observatory , Karl-Schwarzschild-Stra\u00dfe 2, Garching bei M\u00fcnchen D-85748 , Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5945-7975","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Melissa J","family":"Hobson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Millennium Institute for Astrophysics , Macul, Santiago , Chile"},{"name":"Max-Planck-Institut f\u00fcr Astronomie , K\u2019onigstuhl 17, Heidelberg D-69117 , Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0619-7639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl","family":"Ziegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics, Engineering and Astronomy, Stephen F. 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