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However, similar understanding of the chemistry of M and late-K dwarfs \u2013 the most common stars in the Galaxy \u2013 has been greatly hampered both observationally and theoretically by the complex molecular chemistry of their atmospheres. Here, we present a new implementation of the data-driven Cannon model, modelling Teff, log\u2009g, [Fe\/H], and [Ti\/Fe] trained on low\u2013medium resolution optical spectra (4000\u20137000\u2009\u2009\u00c5) from 103 cool dwarf benchmarks. Alongside this, we also investigate the sensitivity of optical wavelengths to various atomic and molecular species using both data-driven and theoretical means via a custom grid of MARCS synthetic spectra, and make recommendations for where MARCS struggles to reproduce cool dwarf fluxes. Under leave-one-out cross-validation, our Cannon model is capable of recovering Teff, log\u2009g, [Fe\/H], and [Ti\/Fe] with precisions of 1.4 per\u00a0cent, $\\pm 0.04\\,$\u00a0dex, $\\pm 0.10\\,$\u00a0dex, and $\\pm 0.06\\,$\u00a0dex respectively, with the recovery of [Ti\/Fe] pointing to the as-yet mostly untapped potential of exploiting the abundant \u2013 but complex \u2013 chemical information within optical spectra of cool stars.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stae560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T05:54:46Z","timestamp":1708667686000},"page":"3171-3196","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cool and data-driven: an exploration of optical cool dwarf chemistry with both data-driven and physical models"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"529","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3486-853X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam D","family":"Rains","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University , Box 516, SE-75120 Uppsala , Sweden"},{"name":"Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University , Canberra ACT 2611 , Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5344-8069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Nordlander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University , Canberra ACT 2611 , Australia"},{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Astrophysics in Three Dimensions (ASTRO-3D) , Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9225-5822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Monty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge , Madingley Rd, Cambridge CB3 0HA , UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0174-0564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R","family":"Casey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ARC Centre of Excellence for Astrophysics in Three Dimensions (ASTRO-3D) , Australia"},{"name":"School of Physics & Astronomy, Monash University , Wellington Road, Clayton 3800, Victoria , Australia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0149-1302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B\u00e1rbara","family":"Rojas-Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Alta Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Tarapac\u00e1 , Casilla 7D, Arica , Chile"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6023-4974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maru\u0161a","family":"\u017derjal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University , Canberra ACT 2611 , Australia"},{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias , E-38205 La Laguna, Tenerife , Spain"},{"name":"Universidad de La Laguna, Dpto. 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