{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T04:00:43Z","timestamp":1777953643807,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Sub-Neptune-sized exoplanets are the most common class discovered by transit surveys, yet their detailed exploration has just begun. Their demographics have inspired models of planetary formation and evolution, though the sample is naturally biased toward the predominance of M-dwarf systems, which provide more favorable observing conditions. We aim to validate the planetary nature of four candidates identified by the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) orbiting K-dwarf stars: TOI-2133.01, TOI-5734.01, TOI-5938.01, and TOI-7009.01. We used photometric, spectroscopic, and high-resolution imaging data from the TESS Follow-up Observing Program (TFOP) with well-established and cutting-edge tools for validating the planetary nature of the candidates. We validate all four candidates and determine their system parameters. TOI-2133\u00a0b and TOI-5734\u00a0b lie near the upper edge of the radius valley, while TOI-5938\u00a0b and TOI-7009\u00a0b are at the boundary of the Neptune desert, making them rare additions to the known sub-Neptune population. The planets are suitable for precise mass measurements and atmospheric characterisation with current facilities, making them benchmark targets for testing formation and evolution models around K-dwarf hosts, a population less accessible than the typical M-dwarf systems.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stag183","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T12:41:11Z","timestamp":1769258471000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The K-dwarfs Survey I. Four Validated Planets from the Radius Valley to the Neptune Desert"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4262-5661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G","family":"Morello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Andaluc\u00eda (IAA), Glorieta de la Astronom\u00eda s\/n , 18080 Granada ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"INAF- Palermo Astronomical Observatory , Piazza del Parlamento, 1, 90134 Palermo ,","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"A","family":"Pel\u00e1ez-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Andaluc\u00eda (IAA), Glorieta de la Astronom\u00eda s\/n , 18080 Granada ,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"F J","family":"Pozuelos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Andaluc\u00eda (IAA), Glorieta de la Astronom\u00eda s\/n , 18080 Granada ,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"M","family":"D\u00e9vora-Pajares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dpto. F\u00edsica Te\u00f3rica y del Cosmos. Universidad de Granada , 18071, Granada ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"AI Engineering , Avature ,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"F","family":"Murgas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias (IAC) , 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) Departamento de Astrof\u00edsica, , 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife ,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"J P","family":"de Leon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902 ,","place":["Japan"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0149-1302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"B","family":"Rojas-Ayala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Alta Investigaci\u00f3n, Universidad de Tarapac\u00e1 , Casilla 7D, Arica ,","place":["Chile"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6637-5401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A","family":"Bieryla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 ,","place":["USA"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1464-9276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K","family":"Barkaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias (IAC) , 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Astrobiology Research Unit, Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge , All\u00e9e du 6 Ao\u00fbt 19C, B-4000 Li\u00e8ge ,","place":["Belgium"]},{"name":"Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Earth, , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 ,","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"S","family":"Yal\u00e7inkaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Ankara University Department of Astronomy & Space Sciences, , TR-06100, Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]},{"name":"Ankara University, Astronomy and Space Sciences Research and Application Center (Kreiken Observatory) , Incek Blvd., TR-06837, Ahlatlibel, Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}]},{"given":"\u00d6","family":"Ba\u015ft\u00fcrk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science, Ankara University Department of Astronomy & Space Sciences, , TR-06100, Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]},{"name":"Ankara University, Astronomy and Space Sciences Research and Application Center (Kreiken Observatory) , Incek Blvd., TR-06837, Ahlatlibel, Ankara ,","place":["T\u00fcrkiye"]}]},{"given":"B V","family":"Rackham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Earth, , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 ,","place":["USA"]},{"name":"Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, MA 02139 ,","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"A","family":"Burgasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California San Diego Department of Astronomy & Astrophysics, , La Jolla, CA 92093 ,","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"E","family":"Pall\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias (IAC) , 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) Departamento de Astrof\u00edsica, , 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife ,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"N","family":"Narita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Astrobiology Center , 2-21-1 Osawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8588 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias (IAC) , 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife ,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"R","family":"Varas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Andaluc\u00eda (IAA), Glorieta de la Astronom\u00eda s\/n , 18080 Granada ,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"P J","family":"Amado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Andaluc\u00eda (IAA), Glorieta de la Astronom\u00eda s\/n , 18080 Granada ,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"N Abreu","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias (IAC) , 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) Departamento de Astrof\u00edsica, , 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife ,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"I","family":"Bonilla-Mariana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) Departamento de Astrof\u00edsica, , 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife 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Astrof\u00edsica, , 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife ,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"J","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias (IAC) , 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife ,","place":["Spain"]},{"name":"Universidad de La Laguna (ULL) Departamento de Astrof\u00edsica, , 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife ,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902 ,","place":["Japan"]}]},{"given":"K","family":"Ikuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Social Data Science, Hitotsubashi University , 2-1 Naka, Kunitachi, Tokyo 186-8601 ,","place":["Japan"]}]},{"given":"K","family":"Isogai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Okayama Observatory, Kyoto University , 3037-5 Honjo, Kamogatacho, Asakuchi, Okayama 719-0232 ,","place":["Japan"]},{"name":"Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902 ,","place":["Japan"]}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Kawai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902 ,","place":["Japan"]}]},{"given":"K","family":"Kawauchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ritsumeikan University Department of Physical Sciences, , Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577 ,","place":["Japan"]}]},{"given":"P","family":"Klagyivik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geological Sciences, Planetary Sciences and Remote Sensing Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, Department of Earth Sciences, , Malteserstr, 74-100, 12249 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Austin, TX 78712 ,","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"M","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Benavente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Canarias (IAC) , 38205 La Laguna, Tenerife ,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"N","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo Department of Multi-Disciplinary Sciences, , 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902 ,","place":["Japan"]}]},{"given":"K A","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 ,","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"R P","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian , 60 Garden Street, Cambridge, MA 02138 ,","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"C","family":"Stockdale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hazelwood Observatory ,","place":["Australia"]}]},{"given":"F P","family":"Wilkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Union College Department of Physics and Astronomy, , 807 Union St., Schenectady, NY 12308 ,","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"R","family":"Zambelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Societ\u00e0 Astronomica Lunae , Castelnuovo Magra ,","place":["Italy"]}]},{"given":"M E","family":"Everett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NSF NOIRLab , 950\u00a0N. Cherry Ave., Tucson, AZ 85719 ,","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"D R","family":"Ciardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Exoplanet Science Institute-Caltech\/IPAC , Pasadena, CA 91125 ,","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"C A","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Exoplanet Science Institute-Caltech\/IPAC , Pasadena, CA 91125 ,","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"M B","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Exoplanet Science Institute-Caltech\/IPAC , Pasadena, CA 91125 ,","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"M","family":"Timmermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Astrobiology Research Unit, Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge , All\u00e9e du 6 Ao\u00fbt 19C, B-4000 Li\u00e8ge ,","place":["Belgium"]}]},{"given":"E","family":"Ducrot","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paris Region Fellow, Marie Sklodowska-Curie Action"},{"name":"AIM, CEA, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, Universit\u00e9 de Paris , F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette ,","place":["France"]}]},{"given":"M J","family":"Hooton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cavendish Laboratory , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE ,","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"P P","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cavendish Laboratory , JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0HE ,","place":["UK"]},{"name":"Institute for Particle Physics and Astrophysics , ETH Z\u00fcrich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 2, 8093 Z\u00fcrich ,","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"given":"A","family":"Burdanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Earth, , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 ,","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"A H M J","family":"Triaud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham , Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT ,","place":["UK"]}]},{"given":"J","family":"de Wit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Department of Earth, , 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139 ,","place":["USA"]}]},{"given":"F Grau","family":"Horta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatory de Ca l\u2019Ou , Sant Mart\u00ed Sesgueioles, GEECAT, Barcelona ,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"G","family":"Dom\u00e8nech-Rams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) , C\/ Esteve Terrades 1, Edifici RDIT, 08860 Castelldefels ,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"E","family":"Herrero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut d\u2019Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC) , C\/ Esteve Terrades 1, Edifici RDIT, 08860 Castelldefels ,","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"J","family":"Lopesino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatory Sant Pere , Matar\u00f3, GEECAT, Barcelona \u00a0","place":["Spain"]}]},{"given":"B O","family":"Demory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"given":"M","family":"Gillon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrobiology Research Unit, Universit\u00e9 de Li\u00e8ge , All\u00e9e du 6 Ao\u00fbt 19C, B-4000 Li\u00e8ge ,","place":["Belgium"]}]},{"given":"Y G\u00f3mez Maqueo","family":"Chew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Instituto de Astronom\u00eda , AP 70-264, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico, 04510, M\u00e9xico"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Khandelwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Instituto de Astronom\u00eda 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,","place":["Austria"]}]},{"given":"Y","family":"Alibert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"given":"T","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Warwick Department of Physics, , Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry CV4 7AL ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"A","family":"Deline","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire astronomique de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 de Gen\u00e8ve , Chemin Pegasi 51, 1290 Versoix ,","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"given":"A","family":"Fortier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]},{"name":"Space Research and Planetary Sciences, Physics Institute, University of Bern , Gesellschaftsstrasse 6, 3012 Bern ,","place":["Switzerland"]}]},{"given":"P F L","family":"Maxted","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Astrophysics Group, Lennard Jones Building, Keele University , Staffordshire, ST5 5BG ,","place":["United Kingdom"]}]},{"given":"M","family":"Guenther","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Space Agency (ESA), European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC) , Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk ,","place":["The Netherlands"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"container-title":["Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical 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