{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T01:48:50Z","timestamp":1775785730683,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":36,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/04434\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/04434\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/04434\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04434\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006129","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/02581\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/02581\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006129","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POPH\/FSE"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POPH\/FSE"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006129","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CEECIND\/02854\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/02854\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006129","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) collaboration, combining their baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data with cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy and supernovae data, have found significant indication against the Lambda cold dark matter ($\\Lambda$CDM) cosmology. This can also be interpreted as the significance of the detection of the $w_a$ parameter that measures variation of the dark energy equation\u00a0of state. DESI\u2019s DR2 article quotes exclusion of $\\Lambda$CDM for combinations of BAO and CMB data with each of three different and overlapping supernovae compilations (at 2.8\u03c3 for Pantheon+\u00a0, 3.8\u03c3 for Union3, and 4.2\u03c3 for DESY5). We show that one can neither choose amongst nor average over these three different significances. We demonstrate how a principled statistical combination yields a combined exclusion significance of 3.1\u03c3. Further we argue that, faced with these competing significances, the most secure inference from the DESI DR2 results is the 3.1\u03c3 level exclusion of $\\Lambda$CDM obtained from combining DESI\u00a0+\u00a0CMB alone, omitting supernovae.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mnrasl\/slaf108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]],"date-time":"2025-10-22T11:46:48Z","timestamp":1761133608000},"page":"L121-L125","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["On DESI\u2019s DR2 exclusion of \u039bCDM"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"544","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0485-3767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Cort\u00eas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon , P-1769-016 Lisbon ,","place":["Portugal"]}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8164-4830","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew R","family":"Liddle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Astrophysics and Space Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon , P-1769-016 Lisbon ,","place":["Portugal"]}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L14","DOI":"10.3847\/2041-8213\/ad6f9f","volume":"973","author":"Abbott","year":"2024","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"083515","DOI":"10.1103\/tr6y-kpc6","volume":"112","author":"Abdul-Karim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"021","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2025\/02\/021","volume":"02","author":"Adame","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A6","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/201833910","volume":"641","author":"Aghanim","year":"2020","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"A42","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361\/202038073","volume":"643","author":"Akrami","year":"2020","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Albrecht","year":"2006","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.astro-ph\/0609591"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib7","author":"Besuner","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac8e04","volume":"938","author":"Brout","year":"2022","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"048","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2024\/10\/048","volume":"10","author":"Calderon","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0370-2693(02)02589-3","volume":"545","author":"Caldwell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Lett. B"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib11","author":"Chaussidon","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1142\/S0218271801000822","volume":"10","author":"Chevallier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Mod. Phys. D"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"L52","DOI":"10.1093\/mnrasl\/slae030","volume":"531","author":"Cort\u00eas","year":"2024","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"007","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2024\/12\/007","volume":"12","author":"Cort\u00eas","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"097","DOI":"10.1007\/JHEP09(2024)097","volume":"09","author":"Craig","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. High Energy Phys."},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"018","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2025\/08\/018","volume":"08","author":"Dinda","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/staf301","volume":"538","author":"Efstathiou","year":"2025","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2007.12139.x","volume":"380","author":"Francis","year":"2007","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41550-025-02669-6","author":"Gan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat. Astron."},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"043540","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.111.043540","volume":"111","author":"Gialamas","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1051\/0004-6361:20066930","volume":"466","author":"Guy","year":"2007","journal-title":"A&A"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-8711.2002.05614.x","volume":"335","author":"Hobson","year":"2002","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100413","DOI":"10.1007\/s11433-025-2754-5","volume":"68","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. China-Phys. Mech. Astron."},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123527","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.64.123527","volume":"64","author":"Huterer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac30d8","volume":"923","author":"Kenworthy","year":"2021","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib26","author":"Kim","year":"2024"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"091301","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevLett.90.091301","volume":"90","author":"Linder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. Lett."},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.astropartphys.2006.05.004","volume":"26","author":"Linder","year":"2006","journal-title":"Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"023532","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.111.023532","volume":"111","author":"Lodha","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib30","author":"Lodha","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/acff5f","volume":"962","author":"Madhavacheril","year":"2024","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","author":"Martin","year":"2006","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.astro-ph\/0604401"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"048","DOI":"10.1088\/1475-7516\/2025\/04\/048","volume":"04","author":"Notari","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys."},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/sam.11179","volume":"6","author":"Parkinson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stat. Anal. Data Mining"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1086\/307221","volume":"517","author":"Perlmutter","year":"1999","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1086\/300499","volume":"116","author":"Riess","year":"1998","journal-title":"AJ"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1088\/0004-637X\/813\/2\/137","volume":"813","author":"Rubin","year":"2015","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib38","volume-title":"ApJ","author":"Rubin","year":"2023"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ad739a","volume":"975","author":"S\u00e1nchez","year":"2024","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3847\/1538-4357\/ac8b7a","volume":"938","author":"Scolnic","year":"2022","journal-title":"ApJ"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5209","DOI":"10.1093\/mnras\/stad320","volume":"520","author":"Taylor","year":"2023","journal-title":"MNRAS"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib42","author":"Vincenzi","year":"2025"},{"key":"2025111110215455300_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103519","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevD.108.103519","volume":"108","author":"Wolf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. D"}],"container-title":["Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mnrasl\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/mnrasl\/slaf108\/64856454\/slaf108.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mnrasl\/article-pdf\/544\/1\/L121\/64856454\/slaf108.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mnrasl\/article-pdf\/544\/1\/L121\/64856454\/slaf108.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T15:21:59Z","timestamp":1762874519000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mnrasl\/article\/544\/1\/L121\/8296952"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mnrasl\/slaf108","relation":{},"ISSN":["1745-3925","1745-3933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1745-3925","type":"print"},{"value":"1745-3933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]]}}}