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This novel trait offers a unique opportunity to understand the mechanisms of bare-part coloration in birds. To identify the mutation producing the colorful phenotype, we resequenced the genome of urucum canaries and performed a range of analyses to search for genotype-to-phenotype associations across the genome. We identified a nonsynonymous mutation in the gene BCO2 (beta-carotene oxygenase 2, also known as BCDO2), an enzyme involved in the cleavage and breakdown of full-length carotenoids into short apocarotenoids. Protein structural models and in vitro functional assays indicate that the urucum mutation abrogates the carotenoid-cleavage activity of BCO2. Consistent with the predicted loss of carotenoid-cleavage activity, urucum canaries tended to have increased levels of full-length carotenoid pigments in bill tissue and reduced levels of carotenoid-cleavage products (apocarotenoids) in retinal tissue compared with other breeds of canaries. We hypothesize that carotenoid-based bare-part coloration might be readily gained, modified, or lost through simple switches in the enzymatic activity or regulation of BCO2 and this gene may be an important mediator in the evolution of bare-part coloration among bird species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,10]],"date-time":"2020-01-10T07:09:21Z","timestamp":1578640161000},"page":"1317-1328","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Genetic Basis of De Novo Appearance of Carotenoid Ornamentation in Bare Parts of Canaries"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"37","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8369-1350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata Anna","family":"Gazda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\/InBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Universidade do Porto, Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Matthew B","family":"Toomey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Science, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK"}]},{"given":"Pedro M","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\/InBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Universidade do Porto, Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"},{"name":"MARE \u2013 Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ricardo J","family":"Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\/InBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Universidade do Porto, Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Afonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO\/InBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, Universidade do Porto, Vair\u00e3o, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Connie A","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO"}]},{"given":"Kyla","family":"Serres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO"}]},{"given":"Philip D","family":"Kiser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey E","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL"}]},{"given":"Joseph C","family":"Corbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, 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