{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T09:13:54Z","timestamp":1774689234630,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]],"date-time":"2023-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>Cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays, and chimeras) comprise the oldest living jawed vertebrates with a mammalian-like adaptive immune system based on immunoglobulins (Ig), T-cell receptors (TCRs), and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Here, we show that the cartilaginous fish \u201cadaptive MHC\u201d is highly regimented and compact, containing (i) a classical MHC class Ia (MHC-Ia) region containing antigen processing (antigen peptide transporters and immunoproteasome) and presenting (MHC-Ia) genes, (ii) an MHC class II (MHC-II) region (with alpha and beta genes) with linkage to beta-2-microglobulin (\u03b22m) and bromodomain-containing 2, (iii) nonclassical MHC class Ib (MHC-Ib) regions with 450 million-year-old lineages, and (iv) a complement C4 associated with the MHC-Ia region. No MHC-Ib genes were found outside of the elasmobranch MHC. Our data suggest that both MHC-I and MHC-II genes arose after the second round of whole-genome duplication (2R) on a human chromosome (huchr) 6 precursor. Further analysis of MHC paralogous regions across early branching taxa from all jawed vertebrate lineages revealed that Ig\/TCR genes likely arose on a precursor of the huchr9\/12\/14 MHC paralog. The \u03b22m gene is linked to the Ig\/TCR genes in some vertebrates suggesting that it was present at 1R, perhaps as the donor of C1 domain to the primordial MHC gene. In sum, extant cartilaginous fish exhibit a conserved and prototypical MHC genomic organization with features found in various vertebrates, reflecting the ancestral arrangement for the jawed vertebrates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msad262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,7]],"date-time":"2023-12-07T17:22:19Z","timestamp":1701969739000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["An Ancestral Major Histocompatibility Complex Organization in Cartilaginous Fish: Reconstructing MHC Origin and Evolution"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3396-9822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Ver\u00edssimo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto , Vair\u00e3o 4485-661 , Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO , Vair\u00e3o 4485-661 , Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7697-386X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L Filipe C","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto , Porto 4169-007 , Portugal"},{"name":"CIIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto , Matosinhos , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-M\u00e9rida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto , Vair\u00e3o 4485-661 , Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO , Vair\u00e3o 4485-661 , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Tereza","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto , Vair\u00e3o 4485-661 , Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO , Vair\u00e3o 4485-661 , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Arnaud","family":"Gaigher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto , Vair\u00e3o 4485-661 , Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO , Vair\u00e3o 4485-661 , Portugal"},{"name":"Research Group for Evolutionary Immunogenomics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology , Pl\u00f6n , Germany"},{"name":"Research Unit for Evolutionary Immunogenomics, Department of Biology, University of Hamburg , Hamburg , Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6593-2269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiana","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO-InBIO, Research Center in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto , Vair\u00e3o 4485-661 , Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO , Vair\u00e3o 4485-661 , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Martin F","family":"Flajnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2348-9107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuko","family":"Ohta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine , Baltimore, MD , USA"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2023122907492079200_msad262-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/ng855","article-title":"Evidence of en bloc duplication in vertebrate genomes","volume":"31","author":"Abi-Rached","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat 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