{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T06:20:04Z","timestamp":1776061204057,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":173,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]],"date-time":"2024-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50110000187"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50110000187"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101042392"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101042392"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/50017\/2020 + UIDB"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/50017\/2020 + UIDB"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50017\/2020 + LA\/P\/0094\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50017\/2020 + LA\/P\/0094\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Funds","award":["CEECIND\/0216\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEECIND\/0216\/2018"]}]},{"name":"National Funds","award":["PID2021-127107NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2021-127107NB-I00"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021 SGR 00526"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021 SGR 00526"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002809","name":"Generalitat de Catalunya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>A comprehensive understanding of the genetic mechanisms that shape species responses to thermal variation is essential for more accurate predictions of the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. Experimental evolution with high-throughput resequencing approaches (evolve and resequence) is a highly effective tool that has been increasingly employed to elucidate the genetic basis of adaptation. The number of thermal evolve and resequence studies is rising, yet there is a dearth of efforts to integrate this new wealth of knowledge. Here, we review this literature showing how these studies have contributed to increase our understanding on the genetic basis of thermal adaptation. We identify two major trends: highly polygenic basis of thermal adaptation and general lack of consistency in candidate targets of selection between studies. These findings indicate that the adaptive responses to specific environments are rather independent. A review of the literature reveals several gaps in the existing research. Firstly, there is a paucity of studies done with organisms of diverse taxa. Secondly, there is a need to apply more dynamic and ecologically relevant thermal environments. Thirdly, there is a lack of studies that integrate genomic changes with changes in life history and behavioral traits. Addressing these issues would allow a more in-depth understanding of the relationship between genotype and phenotype. We highlight key methodological aspects that can address some of the limitations and omissions identified. These include the need for greater standardization of methodologies and the utilization of new technologies focusing on the integration of genomic and phenotypic variation in the context of thermal adaptation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msae148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]],"date-time":"2024-07-18T14:24:08Z","timestamp":1721312648000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Experimental Evolution in a Warming World: The <i>Omics<\/i> Era"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1463-6037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta A","family":"Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CE3C\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute , Lisboa , Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9571-1555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Carromeu-Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7216-9636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana S","family":"Quina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal"},{"name":"Egas Moniz Center for Interdisciplinary Research (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science , Almada , Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5014-7145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta A","family":"Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CE3C\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute , Lisboa , Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6204-8753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Torsten N","family":"Kristensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University , Aalborg , Denmark"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6478-6570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mauro","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CE3C\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute , Lisboa , Portugal"},{"name":"Departament de Gen\u00e8tica i de Microbiologia, Grup de Gen\u00f2mica, Bioinform\u00e0tica i Biologia Evolutiva (GBBE), Universitat Auton\u00f2ma de Barcelona , Bellaterra , Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6998-5133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarida","family":"Matos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CE3C\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute , Lisboa , Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6865-1510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"In\u00eas","family":"Fragata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CE3C\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute , Lisboa , Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4253-1200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CE3C\u2014Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGE, Global Change and Sustainability Institute , Lisboa , Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biologia Animal, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias, Universidade de Lisboa , Lisboa , Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"2024081911165732000_msae148-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1350","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-021-01526-9","article-title":"The evolutionary genomics of species\u2019 responses to climate change","volume":"5","author":"Aguirre-Liguori","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Ecol Evol"},{"key":"2024081911165732000_msae148-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198570875.001.1","volume-title":"Thermal adaptation: a theoretical and empirical synthesis","author":"Angilletta","year":"2009"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024081911165732000_msae148-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1111\/ele.12155","article-title":"Heat freezes niche evolution","volume":"16","author":"Ara\u00fajo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecol Lett"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024081911165732000_msae148-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu048","article-title":"The power to detect quantitative trait loci using resequenced, experimentally evolved populations of diploid, sexual organisms","volume":"31","author":"Baldwin-Brown","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024081911165732000_msae148-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1038\/s41576-020-0250-z","article-title":"Polygenic adaptation: a unifying framework to understand positive selection","volume":"21","author":"Barghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev 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melanogaster","volume":"30","author":"Bogaerts-M\u00e1rquez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"38","key":"2024081911165732000_msae148-B16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2201521119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2201521119","article-title":"Experimental evolution reveals the synergistic genomic mechanisms of adaptation to ocean warming and acidification in a marine copepod","volume":"119","author":"Brennan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA."},{"issue":"4","key":"2024081911165732000_msae148-B17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/jeb\/voae021","article-title":"Systematic approaches to assessing high temperature limits to fertility in animals","volume":"37","author":"Bretman","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2024081911165732000_msae148-B18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1080\/15592294.2021.1966215","article-title":"Roles of adenine methylation and genetic 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A real-time evolutionary approach of inversion polymorphisms in Drosophila subobscura","volume":"27","author":"Fragata","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Evol Biol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024081911165732000_msae148-B39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genet-110711-155511","article-title":"Genetics of climate change adaptation","volume":"46","author":"Franks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024081911165732000_msae148-B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw210","article-title":"Reconstruction of haplotype-blocks selected during experimental evolution","volume":"34","author":"Franssen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024081911165732000_msae148-B41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu320","article-title":"Patterns of linkage disequilibrium and long range hitchhiking in evolving experimental Drosophila 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(Edinb)."},{"issue":"11","key":"2024081911165732000_msae148-B45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2839","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msx216","article-title":"Adaptive mutations in RNA polymerase and the transcriptional terminator rho have similar effects on Escherichia coli gene expression","volume":"34","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2024081911165732000_msae148-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2022.07.004","article-title":"Functional genomic tools for emerging model species","volume":"37","author":"Gudmunds","year":"2022","journal-title":"Trends Ecol Evol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2024081911165732000_msae148-B47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1038\/s41559-019-0848-8","article-title":"Climate warming accelerates temporal scaling of grassland soil microbial biodiversity","volume":"3","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Ecol 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