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The mammalian skin provides a remarkable case study on the occurrence of adaptive morphological innovations. Skin sebaceous glands (SGs), for instance, emerged in the ancestor of mammals serving pivotal roles, such as lubrication, waterproofing, immunity, and thermoregulation, through the secretion of sebum, a complex mixture of various neutral lipids such as triacylglycerol, free fatty acids, wax esters, cholesterol, and squalene. Remarkably, SGs are absent in a few mammalian lineages, including the iconic Cetacea. We investigated the evolution of the key molecular components responsible for skin sebum production: Dgat2l6, Awat1, Awat2, Elovl3, Mogat3, and Fabp9. We show that all analyzed genes have been rendered nonfunctional in Cetacea species (toothed and baleen whales). Transcriptomic analysis, including a novel skin transcriptome from blue whale, supports gene inactivation. The conserved mutational pattern found in most analyzed genes, indicates that pseudogenization events took place prior to the diversification of modern Cetacea lineages. Genome and skin transcriptome analysis of the common hippopotamus highlighted the convergent loss of a subset of sebum-producing genes, notably Awat1 and Mogat3. Partial loss profiles were also detected in non-Cetacea aquatic mammals, such as the Florida manatee, and in terrestrial mammals displaying specialized skin phenotypes such as the African elephant, white rhinoceros and pig. Our findings reveal a unique landscape of \u201cgene vestiges\u201d in the Cetacea sebum-producing compartment, with limited gene loss observed in other mammalian lineages: suggestive of specific adaptations or specializations of skin lipids.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msz068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,18]],"date-time":"2019-03-18T08:14:00Z","timestamp":1552896840000},"page":"1270-1280","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Complete Inactivation of Sebum-Producing Genes Parallels the Loss of Sebaceous Glands in Cetacea"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Lopes-Marques","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto\u2014University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9 M","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto\u2014University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Q","family":"Alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto\u2014University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, U. Porto\u2014University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Miguel M","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto\u2014University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto\u2014University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Mikkel-Holger S","family":"Sinding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland"}]},{"given":"Marianne Helene","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Iceland\u2019s Research Center in H\u00fasav\u00edk, H\u00fasav\u00edk, Iceland"}]},{"given":"Maria Refsgaard","family":"Iversen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Iceland\u2019s Research Center in H\u00fasav\u00edk, H\u00fasav\u00edk, Iceland"}]},{"given":"Mads","family":"Frost Bertelsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Zoo and Wild Animal Health, Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Paula F","family":"Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto\u2014University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, The Bioinformatics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Rute","family":"da Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, The Bioinformatics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Center for Macroecology, Evolution, and Climate, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Ruivo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto\u2014University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"L Filipe C","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIIMAR\u2014Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, U. Porto\u2014University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, U. Porto\u2014University of Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"2019091010382665400_msz068-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2016.39","article-title":"Evolution by gene loss","volume":"17","author":"Albalat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"2019091010382665400_msz068-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syr041","article-title":"Survey of branch support methods demonstrates accuracy, power, and robustness of fast likelihood-based approximation schemes","volume":"60","author":"Anisimova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Syst Biol"},{"key":"2019091010382665400_msz068-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaap9873.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aap9873","article-title":"Whole-genome sequencing of the blue whale and other rorquals finds signatures for introgressive gene 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