{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T05:23:08Z","timestamp":1774329788272,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]],"date-time":"2021-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616457600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>DNA damage and repair activity are often assessed in blood samples from humans in different types of molecular epidemiology studies. However, it is not always feasible to analyse the samples on the day of collection without any type of storage. For instance, certain studies use repeated sampling of cells from the same subject or samples from different subjects collected at different time-points, and it is desirable to analyse all these samples in the same comet assay experiment. In addition, flawless comet assay analyses on frozen samples open up the possibility of using this technique on biobank material. In this article we discuss the use of cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), buffy coat (BC) and whole blood (WB) for analysis of DNA damage and repair using the comet assay. The published literature and the authors\u2019 experiences indicate that various types of blood samples can be cryopreserved with only a minor effect on the basal level of DNA damage. There is evidence to suggest that WB and PBMCs can be cryopreserved for several years without much effect on the level of DNA damage. However, care should be taken when cryopreserving WB and BCs. It is possible to use either fresh or frozen samples of blood cells, but results from fresh and frozen cells should not be used in the same dataset. The article outlines detailed protocols for the cryopreservation of PBMCs, BCs and WB samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/geab012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,22]],"date-time":"2021-03-22T20:14:46Z","timestamp":1616444086000},"page":"193-212","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Collection and storage of human white blood cells for analysis of DNA damage and repair activity using the comet assay in molecular epidemiology studies"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2021-1249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"M\u00f8ller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Ezgi Eyluel","family":"Bankoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Helga","family":"Stopper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Giovannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Ladeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"H&TRC \u2013 Health & Technology Research Center, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Sa\u00fade (ESTeSL), Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa, Avenida D. Jo\u00e3o II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Na\u00e7\u00f5es, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Gudrun","family":"Koppen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VITO Health, Mol, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Goran","family":"Gajski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Collins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372 Oslo, Norway"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5572-1089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Valdiglesias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo DICOMOSA, Centro de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Campus A Zapateira s\/n, 15071, A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto de Investigacio\u0301n Biome\u0301dica de A Corun\u0303a (INIBIC), AE CICA-INIBIC, Oza, 15071 A Corun\u0303a, Spain"}]},{"given":"Blanca","family":"Laffon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Investigacio\u0301n Biome\u0301dica de A Corun\u0303a (INIBIC), AE CICA-INIBIC, Oza, 15071 A Corun\u0303a, Spain"},{"name":"Grupo DICOMOSA, Centro de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Psicolog\u00eda, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educaci\u00f3n, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Campus Elvi\u00f1a s\/n, 15071, A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Boutet-Robinet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France"}]},{"given":"Herv\u00e9","family":"Perdry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, 94807, Villejuif, France"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Del Bo\u2019","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3288-7331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabine A S","family":"Langie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Dusinska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Chemistry Department, Health Effects Laboratory, NILU \u2013 Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway"}]},{"given":"Amaya","family":"Azqueta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, C\/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"},{"name":"IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, C\/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2019.03.002","article-title":"DNA repair as a human biomonitoring tool: comet assay approaches","volume":"781","author":"Azqueta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2019.108288","article-title":"Application of the comet assay in human biomonitoring: an hCOMET perspective","volume":"783","author":"Azqueta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2019.04.007","article-title":"Technical recommendations to perform the alkaline standard and enzyme-modified comet assay in human biomonitoring studies","volume":"843","author":"Azqueta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2013.10.001","article-title":"The comet assay as a tool for human biomonitoring studies: the ComNet project","volume":"759","author":"Collins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Rev. Mutat. Res.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gex015","article-title":"Searching for assay controls for the Fpg- and hOGG1-modified comet assay","volume":"33","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0006","first-page":"5","article-title":"Measurement of DNA damage with the comet assay in high-prevalence diseases: current status and future directions","volume":"35","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-362-2_3","article-title":"Principles of cryopreservation","volume":"368","author":"Pegg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1038\/164666a0","article-title":"Revival of spermatozoa after vitrification and dehydration at low temperatures","volume":"164","author":"Polge","year":"1949","journal-title":"Nature,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1038\/1831394a0","article-title":"Prevention of freezing damage to living cells by dimethyl sulphoxide","volume":"183","author":"Lovelock","year":"1959","journal-title":"Nature,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-2240(64)90025-2","article-title":"Freeze preservation of cultured animal cells","volume":"51","author":"Peterson","year":"1964","journal-title":"Cryobiology,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-124-31992","article-title":"Viability of cell cultures following extended preservation in liquid nitrogen","volume":"124","author":"Greene","year":"1967","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-2240(71)90035-6","article-title":"The role of cooling rates in low-temperature preservation","volume":"8","author":"Leibo","year":"1971","journal-title":"Cryobiology,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/0011-2240(77)90021-9","article-title":"Relative effects of cooling and warming rates on mammalian cells during the freeze-thaw cycle","volume":"14","author":"Harris","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cryobiology,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910260208","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of a human acute monocytic leukemia cell line (THP-1)","volume":"26","author":"Tsuchiya","year":"1980","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gep048","article-title":"Variation in the measurement of DNA damage by comet assay measured by the ECVAG inter-laboratory validation trial","volume":"25","author":"Forchhammer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gep055","article-title":"An ECVAG trial on assessment of oxidative damage to DNA measured by the comet assay","volume":"25","author":"Johansson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2013.06.020","article-title":"DNA-repair measurements by use of the modified comet assay: an inter-laboratory comparison within the European Comet Assay Validation Group (ECVAG)","volume":"757","author":"Godschalk","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/geaa011","article-title":"Potassium bromate as positive assay control for the Fpg-modified comet assay","volume":"35","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gex046","article-title":"The comet assay: ready for 30 more years","volume":"33","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1161(92)91083-4","article-title":"High-dose combination alkylating agents with autologous bone-marrow support in patients with breast cancer: preliminary assessment of DNA damage in individual peripheral blood lymphocytes using the single cell gel electrophoresis assay","volume":"271","author":"Tice","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mutat.Res."},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-8777(96)00047-X","article-title":"Study of DNA damage induction and repair capacity of fresh and cryopreserved lymphocytes exposed to H2O2 and gamma-irradiation with the alkaline comet assay","volume":"383","author":"Visvardis","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/17.3.211","article-title":"Cryopreserved versus freshly isolated lymphocytes in human biomonitoring: endogenous and induced DNA damage, antioxidant status and repair capability","volume":"17","author":"Duthie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1667\/RR1101.1","article-title":"A modified alkaline comet assay for measuring DNA repair capacity in human populations","volume":"169","author":"Trzeciak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radiat. Res.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1089\/bio.2011.0024","article-title":"Cryopreservation and storage effects on cell numbers and DNA damage in human lymphocytes","volume":"9","author":"Ho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biopreserv. Biobank.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.5455\/oams.050513.or.041","article-title":"Outcomes of comet assay analysis using freshly prepared and cryopreserved leukocytes","volume":"2","author":"Mozaffarieh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oxid. Antioxid. Med. Sci."},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3016","article-title":"Leucocytes isolated from simply frozen whole blood can be used in human biomonitoring for DNA damage measurement with the comet assay","volume":"32","author":"Akor-Dewu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/geu058","article-title":"Comparison of DNA damage by the comet assay in fresh versus cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained following dietary intervention","volume":"30","author":"Del Bo\u2019","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.3109\/15376516.2016.1144126","article-title":"Cryopreservation of human blood for alkaline and Fpg-modified comet assay","volume":"26","author":"Pu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gex034","article-title":"The comet assay in human biomonitoring: cryopreservation of whole blood and comparison with isolated mononuclear cells","volume":"33","author":"Koppen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2019.02.002","article-title":"The comet assay for human biomonitoring: effects of cryopreservation on DNA damage in different blood cell preparations","volume":"843","author":"Ladeira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ."},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2019.03.005","article-title":"Optimization of the alkaline comet assay for easy repair capacity quantification of oxidative DNA damage in PBMC from human volunteers using aphidicolin block","volume":"77","author":"Odongo","year":"2019","journal-title":"DNA Repair (Amst).,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-79670-8","article-title":"Impact of 12-month cryopreservation on endogenous DNA damage in whole blood and isolated mononuclear cells evaluated by the comet assay","volume":"11","author":"Marino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-8935-5_9","article-title":"Procurement, storage, and use of blood in biobanks","volume":"1897","author":"Perry","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2014.01.002","article-title":"The procurement, storage, and quality assurance of frozen blood and tissue biospecimens in pathology, biorepository, and biobank settings","volume":"47","author":"Shabihkhani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2825(1999)13:3<133::AID-JCLA8>3.0.CO;2-0","article-title":"Effects of heparin on polymerase chain reaction for blood white cells","volume":"13","author":"Yokota","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-015-0250-8","article-title":"A simple method to overcome the inhibitory effect of heparin on DNA amplification","volume":"38","author":"Vaughan-Shaw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Oncol. (Dordr).,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0037","first-page":"007","article-title":"Approaches of whole blood thawing for genotoxicity analysis in rats","volume":"1","author":"Netto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Pharmacol"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1039\/9781847559746-00120","article-title":"Methods for freezing blood samples at","volume-title":"The Comet Assay in Toxicology","author":"Singh","year":"2009"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0386com","article-title":"Sunlight-induced DNA damage in human mononuclear cells","volume":"16","author":"Moller","year":"2002","journal-title":"FASEB J.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0040","first-page":"217","article-title":"On the search for an intelligible comet assay descriptor","volume":"5","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Genet.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrrev.2005.10.001","article-title":"Assessment of reference values for DNA damage detected by the comet assay in humans blood cell DNA","volume":"612","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mutat.Res."},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/geu012","article-title":"Variation of DNA damage levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated in different laboratories","volume":"29","author":"Godschalk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/get049","article-title":"Validation of freezing tissues and cells for analysis of DNA strand break levels by comet assay","volume":"28","author":"Jackson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.12.002","article-title":"Optimization of the harvesting and freezing conditions of human cell lines for DNA damage analysis by the alkaline comet assay","volume":"845","author":"Bessa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gep067","article-title":"Assessment and reduction of comet assay variation in relation to DNA damage: studies from the European Comet Assay Validation Group","volume":"25","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.3109\/10715762.2011.644241","article-title":"Harmonising measurements of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2\u2019-deoxyguanosine in cellular DNA and urine","volume":"46","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Res.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gex040","article-title":"Reduction of DNA damage in peripheral lymphocytes of obese patients after bariatric surgery-mediated weight loss","volume":"33","author":"Bankoglu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(97)00157-5","article-title":"Alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis and human biomonitoring for genotoxicity. A pilot study on breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy including cyclophosphamide","volume":"395","author":"Vaghef","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1007\/s00280-007-0432-9","article-title":"Validation of the comet-X assay as a pharmacodynamic assay for measuring DNA cross-linking produced by the novel anticancer agent RH1 during a phase I clinical trial","volume":"60","author":"Danson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22204","article-title":"Validation of Gelbond(R) high-throughput alkaline and Fpg-modified comet assay using a linear mixed model","volume":"59","author":"Perdry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ Mol.Mutagen."},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5718(03)00090-1","article-title":"Measurent of DNA breaks and oxidative DNA damage in polymorphonuclear and mononuclear white blood cells: a novel approach using the comet assay","volume":"538","author":"Giovannelli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.1244","article-title":"Seasonal variations in spontaneous levels of DNA damage; implication in the risk assessment of environmental chemicals","volume":"27","author":"Verschaeve","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6866(1997)17:3<115::AID-TCM3>3.0.CO;2-K","article-title":"Effects in the Comet assay of storage conditions on human blood","volume":"17","author":"Anderson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2003.11.004","article-title":"Assessment of DNA damage by comet assay on frozen total blood: method and evaluation in smokers and non-smokers","volume":"558","author":"Hininger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.020","article-title":"Simplified method for the collection, storage, and comet assay analysis of DNA damage in whole blood","volume":"51","author":"Al-Salmani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2004.10.001","article-title":"DNA damage evaluated by the comet assay in lymphocytes of children with (137)Cs internal contamination caused by the Chernobyl accident","volume":"565","author":"Garcia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutat.Res."},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20694","article-title":"Comparison of Comet assay dose-response for ethyl methanesulfonate using freshly prepared versus cryopreserved tissues","volume":"53","author":"Recio","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2019.03.009","article-title":"Alkaline comet assay results on fresh and one-year frozen whole blood in small volume without cryo-protection in a group of people with different health status","volume":"843","author":"Mili\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gex023","article-title":"Seasonal variations as predictive factors of the comet assay parameters: a retrospective study","volume":"33","author":"Geric","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2019.11.010","article-title":"Application of the comet assay for the evaluation of DNA damage from frozen human whole blood samples: Implications for human biomonitoring","volume":"319","author":"Gajski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2019.03.010","article-title":"Isolation of leukocytes from frozen buffy coat for comet assay analysis of DNA damage","volume":"843","author":"B\u00f8hn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2005.06.009","article-title":"Occupational exposure to mercury vapour on genotoxicity and DNA repair","volume":"586","author":"Cebulska-Wasilewska","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gei037","article-title":"Detecting DNA repair capacity of peripheral lymphocytes from cancer patients with UVC challenge test and bleomycin challenge test","volume":"20","author":"Wei","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2006.06.004","article-title":"Can individual repair kinetics of UVC-induced DNA damage in human lymphocytes be assessed through the comet assay?","volume":"601","author":"Cipollini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9008","article-title":"Arsenic exposure is associated with decreased DNA repair in vitro and in individuals exposed to drinking water arsenic","volume":"114","author":"Andrew","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/18.2.139","article-title":"A study on the effects of seasonal solar radiation on exposed populations","volume":"18","author":"Tsilimigaki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/1098-2280(2000)36:3<243::AID-EM8>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Effects of air pollution and smoking on DNA damage of human lymphocytes","volume":"36","author":"Piperakis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1071","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390500360257","article-title":"A biological evaluation of DNA damage detected by comet assay in healthy populations residing in areas that differ in lung cancer incidence","volume":"69","author":"Heepchantree","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health. A,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000000480","article-title":"No effect of caloric restriction or exercise on radiation repair capacity","volume":"47","author":"Habermann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(02)04415-2","article-title":"Radiation-induced DNA damage and repair in lymphocytes from breast cancer patients and their correlation with acute skin reactions to radiotherapy","volume":"55","author":"Popanda","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gly085","article-title":"Exploring genetic outcomes as frailty biomarkers","volume":"74","author":"Valdiglesias","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0215(20010320)95:2<86::AID-IJC1015>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Altered DNA repair capacity and bleomycin sensitivity as risk markers for non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"95","author":"Rajaee-Behbahani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/ges054","article-title":"Validation of the nucleotide excision repair comet assay on cryopreserved PBMCs to measure inter-individual variation in DNA repair capacity","volume":"28","author":"Allione","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20219","article-title":"DNA damage and repair measurements from cryopreserved lymphocytes without cell culture\u2013a reproducible assay for intervention studies","volume":"47","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-020-02881-5","article-title":"Expanded usage of the Challenge-Comet assay as a DNA repair biomarker in human populations: protocols for fresh and cryopreserved blood samples, and for different challenge agents","volume":"94","author":"Valdiglesias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2013.07.011","article-title":"Measurement of DNA base and nucleotide excision repair activities in mammalian cells and tissues using the comet assay\u2013a methodological overview","volume":"12","author":"Azqueta","year":"2013","journal-title":"DNA Repair (Amst).,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3844","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-0401-x","article-title":"An optimized comet-based in vitro DNA repair assay to assess base and nucleotide excision repair activity","volume":"15","author":"Vodenkova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2014.00288","article-title":"Comet assay to measure DNA repair: approach and applications","volume":"5","author":"Azqueta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Genet.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68341","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068341","article-title":"Oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and repair in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: protective role of hemoglobin","volume":"8","author":"Gafter-Gvili","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/gel013","article-title":"Development and validation of a modified comet assay to phenotypically assess nucleotide excision repair","volume":"21","author":"Langie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/ger005","article-title":"Measuring DNA repair incision activity of mouse tissue extracts towards singlet oxygen-induced DNA damage: a comet-based in vitro repair assay","volume":"26","author":"Langie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mutagenesis,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1039\/b806634e","article-title":"A microarray to measure repair of damaged plasmids by cell lysates","volume":"8","author":"Millau","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lab Chip,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2012.01.001","article-title":"Elevated N3-methylpurine-DNA glycosylase DNA repair activity is associated with lung cancer","volume":"732","author":"Crosbie","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.,"},{"key":"2021070804035408700_CIT0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2018.11.010","article-title":"Effect of age and sex on the level of DNA strand breaks and oxidatively damaged DNA in human blood cells","volume":"838","author":"M\u00f8ller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen.,"}],"container-title":["Mutagenesis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mutage\/advance-article-pdf\/doi\/10.1093\/mutage\/geab012\/36670396\/geab012.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"am","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mutage\/article-pdf\/36\/3\/193\/38878088\/geab012.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mutage\/article-pdf\/36\/3\/193\/38878088\/geab012.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,8]],"date-time":"2021-07-08T08:32:29Z","timestamp":1625733149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mutage\/article\/36\/3\/193\/6182494"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/mutage\/geab012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0267-8357","1464-3804"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0267-8357","type":"print"},{"value":"1464-3804","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,23]]}}}