{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T02:16:27Z","timestamp":1771035387711,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,10]],"date-time":"2021-09-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631232000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>This article investigates the degree to which government consumption expenditures substitute or complement private consumption, one of the most important (and most overlooked) determinants of the fiscal multiplier. Using panel datasets from a large number of heterogeneous economies over 1970\u20132016, we find that private and government consumption are best described as complementary both in the aggregate and for nine different categories of government spending we consider. The degree of complementarity, however, differs substantially across government spending categories, being the highest for education, recreation, and housing in the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD); and for Public Order and Recreation in the non-OECD. Our estimates imply that fiscal multiplier values in those spending categories are substantially higher than in categories that are less (or not at all) complementary with private consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oep\/gpab049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,9]],"date-time":"2021-08-09T19:33:25Z","timestamp":1628537605000},"page":"805-819","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Private and public consumption: substitutes or complements?"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Tovar","family":"Jalles","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lisbon School of Economics and Management (ISEG), University of Lisbon , Rua do Quelhas 6, Lisboa 1200-781, Portugal"},{"name":"Research in Economics and Mathematics (REM) and Research Unit on Complexity and Economics (UECE), Universidade de Lisboa-ISEG , Rua Miguel Lupi 20, Lisbon 1249-078, Portugal"},{"name":"Economics for Policy, Universidade Nova de Lisboa-Nova School of Business and Economics , Rua da Holanda 1, Carcavelos 2775-405, Portugal"},{"name":"IPAG Business School , 184 Boulevard Saint-Germain, Paris 75006, France"}]},{"given":"Georgios","family":"Karras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Economics, University of Illinois at Chicago , 601 S. 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