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We first briefly review key features of the two traditional models of communication\u2014one-to-one and one-to-many\u2014and then present our own many-to-many model, which, we claim, is more appropriate to theorise online conversations. An important component of our analysis is describing the \u201cconversational ecology\u201d of online environments, namely their technological, structural, and design features. Building on this description, we show how attention and trust are managed in online environments, thus explicating the mechanisms through which many-to-many conversations emerge and are shaped online. We then move on to discussing two paradigmatic phenomena of conversations online: gamification of communication and trolling. Altogether, we face the novelty of online conversations by offering a conceptual response, focused on developing a model suitable for these kinds of conversations, and by drawing some philosophical implications of the model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198872085.003.0003","type":"book-chapter","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T05:04:10Z","timestamp":1747890250000},"page":"37-63","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Many-to-Many Model"],"prefix":"10.1093","author":[{"given":"Marcin","family":"Lewi\u0144ski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA Institute of Philosophy and Department of Communication, NOVA University Lisbon"}]},{"given":"Catarina Dutilh","family":"Novaes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Philosophy, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"2025052201002114200_oso-9780198872085-chapter-3-bibItem-48","article-title":"The communicative work of organizations in shaping argumentative realities.","author":"","year":"2017","journal-title":"Philosophy & Technology,"},{"key":"2025052201002114200_oso-9780198872085-chapter-3-bibItem-49","unstructured":"Aakhus, M., & Jackson, S. 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