{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,16]],"date-time":"2026-02-16T02:57:32Z","timestamp":1771210652857,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia through the funding of the R&D Unit","award":["UIDB\/03126\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/03126\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:p>After more than four decades of immunity to the extreme-right party family, this Portuguese exceptionalism came to an end after the electoral breakthrough of the Chega party in the 2019 general elections. Drawing on a case study approach, this article discusses different explanations for the timing of Chega\u2019s emergence in Portuguese mainstream politics in the late 2010s. Considering this late success, Portugal can be seen as a crucial case study to assess the available theories. This investigation employs a popular schema that implies the distinction between explanations focused on \u2018demand-side\u2019 factors (the protest voting thesis and the public salience of immigration) from those concerned with \u2018supply-side\u2019 factors (the spatial competition theory and internal supply factors). Through the employment of the congruence method, this article highlights the interaction between party-centric factors as a more appropriate explanation for understanding the timing of Chega\u2019s electoral breakthrough than demand-side approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/pa\/gsac001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T13:03:08Z","timestamp":1641214988000},"page":"879-899","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Understanding the Emergence of Extreme Right Parties in Portugal in the Late 2010s"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3186-0954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ISCTE-IUL , Lisbon, Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/20531680211029416","article-title":"Correlates of aggregate support for the radical right in Portugal","volume":"8","author":"Afonso","year":"2021","journal-title":"Research & Politics"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B2","author":"Anselmo","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315687988","volume-title":"Radical Right-Wing Populist Parties in Western Europe: Into the Mainstream?","author":"Akkerman","year":"2016"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B4","first-page":"216","volume-title":"The Radical Righ","author":"Arzheimer","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B5","volume-title":"\u201c2019 Chapel Hill Expert Survey.\u201d Version 2019.1.","author":"Bakker","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B6","volume-title":"Programa Pol\u00edtico Europeu","author":"Basta","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B7","first-page":"338","volume-title":"The Populist Radical Right: A Reader","author":"Betz","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.6576809","volume-title":"Causal Case Study Methods","author":"Beach","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1177\/1354068817698857","article-title":"How Protest Voters Choose\u2019","volume":"25","author":"Birch","year":"2019","journal-title":"Party Politics"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1057\/9781137016669","volume-title":"Designing Case Studies","author":"Blatter","year":"2012"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B11","author":"Botelho","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B12","first-page":"28","volume-title":"The Populist Radical Right\u202f: A Reader","author":"Carter","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1080\/13569317.2018.1451227","article-title":"Right-Wing Extremism\/Radicalism: Reconstructing the Concept","volume":"23","author":"Carter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Political Ideologies"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1080\/0031322X.2015.1048981","article-title":"\u2018The end of a strategic opening? The BNP's window of opportunity in the 2000s and its closure in the 2010s'","volume":"49","author":"Carvalho","year":"2015","journal-title":"Patterns of Prejudice"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B15","first-page":"1469","article-title":"\u2018The politicization of immigration in Portugal between 1995 and 2014: a European exception?'","volume":"58","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020","journal-title":"JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B16","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Portuguese Politics","author":"Carvalho"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B17","first-page":"28","author":"Carvalho","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B18","author":"Chega","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B19","volume-title":"Programa Pol\u00edtico Chega","author":"Chega","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B20","author":"CNE","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B21","author":"CNE","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B22","author":"Comiss\u00e3o Nacional de Elei\u00e7\u00f5es","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B23","author":"Comiss\u00e3o Nacional de Elei\u00e7\u00f5es","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B24","first-page":"83","volume-title":"The Populist Radical Right: A Reader","author":"De Lange","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-923X.12620","article-title":"A Rising Tide? The Salience of Immigration and the Rise of Anti-Immigration Political Parties in Western Europe","volume":"90","author":"Dennison","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Political Quarterly"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764214534666","article-title":"Sovereign Debt and Governance Failures","volume":"58","author":"De Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"American Behavioral Scientist"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B27","volume-title":"The Political Opportunity Structure and the Politicisation of Immigration in Portugal, 1995\u20132015","author":"Duarte","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B29","author":"Eurobarometer","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B30","author":"European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI)","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B31","author":"EVS","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1080\/01402382.2019.1702301","article-title":"The 2019 Portuguese General Elections","volume":"43","author":"Fernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"West European Politics"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B34","volume-title":"Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences","author":"George","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1057\/palgrave.emr.1500050","article-title":"Systematic Process Analysis: When and How to use it\u2019","volume":"3","author":"Hall","year":"2006","journal-title":"European Management Review"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B66","author":"Henriques","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B36","volume-title":"Partidos e Sistemas Partid\u00e1rios","author":"Jalali","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B37","author":"Jornal Econ\u00f3mico","year":"2017"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1080\/01402380701617563","article-title":"Growth and Persistence of the Radical Right in Postindustrial Democracies: Advances and Challenges in Comparative Research\u2019","volume":"30","author":"Kitschelt","year":"2007","journal-title":"West European Politics"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B39","first-page":"352","volume-title":"The Populist Radical Right: A Reader","author":"Kitschelt","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B40","first-page":"247","volume-title":"The Radical Right","author":"Kitschelt","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B41","author":"Lusa","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B42","author":"Lusa","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B43","author":"Lusa","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B44","author":"Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B45","author":"Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9781626374195","volume-title":"Politics in Contemporary Portugal\u202f: Democracy Evolving","author":"Magone","year":"2014"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B47","author":"Marktest","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.3917\/rfsp.573.0429","article-title":"Comment Nicolas Sarkozy a r\u00e9tr\u00e9ci l\u2019\u00e9lectorat Le Pen","volume":"57","author":"Mayer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Revue fran\u00e7aise de science politique"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1080\/01402382.2020.1777504","article-title":"Explaining the Emergence of the Radical Right in Spain and Portugal: Salience, Stigma and Supply","volume":"44","author":"Mendes","year":"2021","journal-title":"West European Politics"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511492037","volume-title":"Populist Radical Right Parties in Europe","author":"Mudde","year":"2007"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B52","volume-title":"The Far Right Today","author":"Mudde","year":"2019"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1177\/0011392117717294","article-title":"Causes and Consequences of the Rise of Populist Radical Right Parties and Movements in Europe\u2019,","volume":"65","author":"Muis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Sociology. La Sociologie Contemporaine"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511615955","volume-title":"Radical Right: Voters and Parties in the Electoral Market","author":"Norris","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-98152-9_11","volume-title":"Political Institutions and Democracy in Portugal","author":"Pequito","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205316801668691","DOI":"10.1177\/2053168016686915","article-title":"Explaining the Salience of anti-Elitism and Reducing Political Corruption for Political Parties in Europe with the 2014 Chapel Hill Expert Survey Data","volume":"4","author":"Polk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Research & Politics (Politics)"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315199757","volume-title":"The European Mainstream and the Populist Radical Right","author":"Odmalm","year":"2017"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B58","volume-title":"The Radical Right","author":"Ruzza","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordhb\/9780190274559.013.1","volume-title":"The Radical Right","author":"Rydgren","year":"2018"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205316801985168","DOI":"10.1177\/2053168019851680","article-title":"Explaining the End of Spanish Exceptionalism and Electoral Support for Vox","volume":"6","author":"Turnbull-Dugarte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Research & Politics"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6765.00505","article-title":"Anti-immigrant Parties in Europe: Ideological or Protest Vote?\u2019","volume":"37","author":"Van der Brug","year":"2000","journal-title":"European Journal of Political Research"},{"key":"2023102315032333200_gsac001-B62","author":"Ventura","year":"2019"}],"container-title":["Parliamentary Affairs"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pa\/article-pdf\/76\/4\/879\/52414482\/gsac001.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pa\/article-pdf\/76\/4\/879\/52414482\/gsac001.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]],"date-time":"2023-10-23T15:03:57Z","timestamp":1698073437000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pa\/article\/76\/4\/879\/6523863"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pa\/gsac001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0031-2290","1460-2482"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0031-2290","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-2482","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]}}}