{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,9]],"date-time":"2026-03-09T02:02:21Z","timestamp":1773021741317,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>To evaluate prevalence of performance-related pain among musicians and compare pain characteristics, associated disability and approach to pain management, between music students and professional musicians.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A multicenter cross-sectional study was performed in a multi-stage stratified cluster random sample of 585 musicians, stratified by music students (294, among which 234 were at pre-university level and 60 at university level) and professional musicians (291). The main outcome was performance-related pain, measured by Performance-related Pain among Musicians Questionnaire (PPAM). Secondary outcomes were: pain management approach, physical activity levels, fatigue, distress, and health-related quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The lifetime prevalence of performance-related pain was 55.0% (n\u2009=\u2009322), being significantly higher among professionals (57.5% vs 42.5%, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). Pain intensity scores were significantly higher in professional musicians (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.05), but pain interference in performance was higher among music students, who also reported significantly higher levels of fatigue (P\u2009=\u2009.008) and distress (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001), and lower quality of life (P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001). Regardless of the high levels of pain intensity and interference, fatigue, anxiety and depression, and low levels of quality of life, 33% musicians who developed pain had never looked for healthcare (this proportion is significantly higher for music students, 57%, P\u2009&amp;lt;\u2009.001).<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We present the first multicenter study on performance-related pain among musicians with different backgrounds, using a validated tool, and distinguishing music students from professional musicians. Performance-related pain is a highly prevalent and disabling condition among musicians, however, its proper evaluation and management are still often underappreciated, contributing to significant impairments and reduced quality of life.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnae032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T13:33:20Z","timestamp":1714224800000},"page":"568-576","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Performance-related pain and disability among music students versus professional musicians: a multicenter study using a validated tool"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6937-1553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Z\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP) , 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS) and Associate Laboratory\u2014Health Research Network (CINTESIS@RISE) , 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Chronic Pain Unit and Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Department, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar\u2014Universidade do Porto , 4099-001 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"International Center of Arts Medicine , 4460-188 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Eckart","family":"Altenm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Music Physiology and Musician\u2019s Medicine, University of Music, Drama, and Media , 30175 Hannover, Germany"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto (FMUP) , 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS) and Associate Laboratory\u2014Health Research Network (CINTESIS@RISE) , 4200-450 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decision Sciences (MEDCIDS) at FMUP , 4200-319 Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"2024090307510293300_pnae032-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-019-01467-8","article-title":"Musculoskeletal disorders and complaints in professional musicians: a systematic review of prevalence, risk factors, and clinical treatment effects","volume":"93","author":"Rotter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"2024090307510293300_pnae032-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.21091\/mppa.2016.1002","article-title":"Occupational diseases of professional orchestra musicians from northern Portugal: a descriptive study","volume":"31","author":"Sousa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med Probl Perform Art"},{"issue":"9","key":"2024090307510293300_pnae032-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmrj.2018.04.001","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for musculoskeletal pain in keyboard musicians: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Amaral Corr\u00eaa","year":"2018","journal-title":"PM R"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024090307510293300_pnae032-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s00420-015-1090-6","article-title":"The occurrence of musculoskeletal complaints among professional musicians: a systematic review","volume":"89","author":"Kok","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Arch Occup Environ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2024090307510293300_pnae032-B5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1080\/10803548.2022.2086742","article-title":"Musculoskeletal pain in musicians: Prevalence and risk factors\u2014a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Rodr\u00edguez-Gude","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Occup Saf Ergon"},{"issue":"3","key":"2024090307510293300_pnae032-B6","first-page":"291","article-title":"Have musicians' musculoskeletal symptoms been thoroughly addressed? 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