{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T16:33:52Z","timestamp":1759336432929},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]],"date-time":"2018-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1545782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chair on Pain Medicine of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto"},{"name":"Porto Neurosciences and Neurologic Disease Research Initiative at i3S\u201d","award":["NORTE-01\u20130145-FEDER-000008","NORTE-01\u20130145-FEDER-000016","NORTE 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NORTE-01\u20130145-FEDER-000008","NORTE-01\u20130145-FEDER-000016","NORTE 2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>Opioid use in chronic pain has increased worldwide in recent years. The aims of this study were to describe the trends and patterns of opioid therapy over two years of follow-up in a cohort of chronic noncancer pain (CNCP) patients and to assess predictors of long-term opioid use and clinical outcomes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A prospective cohort study with two years of follow-up was undertaken in four multidisciplinary chronic pain clinics. Demographic data, pain characteristics, and opioid prescriptions were recorded at baseline, three, six, 12, and 24\u2009months.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Six hundred seventy-four CNCP patients were recruited. The prevalence of opioid prescriptions at baseline was 59.6% (N\u2009=\u2009402), and 13% (N\u2009=\u200986) were strong opioid prescriptions. At 24\u2009months, opioid prescription prevalence was as high as 74.3% (N\u2009=\u2009501), and strong opioid prescription was 31% (N\u2009=\u2009207). Most opioid users (71%, N\u2009=\u2009479) maintained their prescription during the two years of follow-up. Our opioid discontinuation was very low (1%, N\u2009=\u20095). Opioid users reported higher severity and interference pain scores, both at baseline and after two years of follow-up. Opioid use was independently associated with continuous pain, pain location in the lower limbs, and higher pain interference scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study describes a pattern of increasing opioid prescription in chronic pain patients. Despite the limited improvement of clinical outcomes, most patients keep their long-term opioid prescriptions. Our results underscore the need for changes in clinical practice and further research into the effectiveness and safety of chronic opioid therapy for CNPC.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pny275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,5]],"date-time":"2018-11-05T13:45:03Z","timestamp":1541425503000},"page":"2166-2178","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Two-Year Prospective Multicenter Study of Opioid Therapy for Chronic Noncancer Pain: Prescription Trends and Predictors"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Dalila R","family":"Veiga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Anesthesiology Department-Chronic Pain Center, Centro Hospitalar Universit\u00e1rio do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Liliane","family":"Mendon\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Observa\u00e7\u00e3o em Dor \u2013 OBSERVDOR, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Rute","family":"Sampaio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biomedicina - Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IBMC\u2014Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M","family":"Castro-Lopes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Observa\u00e7\u00e3o em Dor \u2013 OBSERVDOR, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"Departamento de Biomedicina - Unidade de Biologia Experimental, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Inova\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"IBMC\u2014Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds F","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Nacional de Observa\u00e7\u00e3o em Dor \u2013 OBSERVDOR, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"CINTESIS - Center for Health Technology and Services Research, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"MEDCIDS - Departamento de Medicina da Comunidade Informa\u00e7\u00e3o e Decis\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,26]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"2019110507560809000_pny275-B1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3109\/15360288.2012.736933","article-title":"Chronic diseases in the European Union: The prevalence and health cost implications of chronic pain","volume":"26","author":"Leadley","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother"},{"issue":"1","key":"2019110507560809000_pny275-B2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.970","article-title":"European Pain Federation position paper on appropriate opioid use in chronic pain management","volume":"21","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Pain"},{"issue":"11","key":"2019110507560809000_pny275-B3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2092","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001009","article-title":"Defining chronic pain in epidemiological studies: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"158","author":"Steingrimsdottir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"2019110507560809000_pny275-B4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-1229","article-title":". 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