{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T11:50:50Z","timestamp":1777722650832,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/journals\/pages\/open_access\/funder_policies\/chorus\/standard_publication_model"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","award":["UIDP\/04923\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/04923\/2020"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Lockdown, as a measure implemented to combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, left many domestic violence (DV) victims trapped with their abusers. This study intends to explore the links between perceived stress, substance use and socio-demographic factors with DV experiences during COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>A cross-sectional study was carried out on a sample of 1062 participants over 16\u00a0years old, residing in Portugal. Data were collected through an online survey conducted between April and October 2020. The associations between potential factors and DV were investigated using bivariable analysis and multivariable logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The prevalence of DV reported was 13.75% (n\u00a0=\u00a0146), disaggregated into psychological violence (13%, n\u00a0=\u00a0138), sexual violence (1.0%, n\u00a0=\u00a011) and physical violence (0.9%, n\u00a0=\u00a010). Multivariable analyses confirmed that perceived financial difficulties (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.608; P = 0.019), use of medications to sleep or calm down (OR\u00a0=\u00a01.851; P = 0.002) and perceived stress (OR\u00a0=\u00a02.443; P = 0.003) were responsible for DV exposure during COVID-19 pandemic. Younger age (&amp;lt;25\u00a0years old) and consumption of alcohol were associated with a higher risk of DV victimization.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>\n               <jats:sec>\n                  <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Interventions aimed at preventing and confronting DV are necessary within the strategies to combat COVID-19 in Portugal, especially aimed at groups in vulnerable situations, during and after the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n               <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdac024","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T20:26:31Z","timestamp":1645475191000},"page":"491-498","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The links of stress, substance use and socio-demographic factors with domestic violence during the Covid-19 pandemic in Portugal"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"45","author":[{"given":"Yilian M","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health , Public Health Research Centre, , 1600-560 Lisbon , Portugal"},{"name":"Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Public Health Research Centre, , 1600-560 Lisbon , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Gama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health , Public Health Research Centre, , 1600-560 Lisbon , Portugal"},{"name":"Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Public Health Research Centre, , 1600-560 Lisbon , Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC) , 1169-056 Lisbon , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana R","family":"Pedro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health , Public Health Research Centre, , 1600-560 Lisbon , Portugal"},{"name":"Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Public Health Research Centre, , 1600-560 Lisbon , Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC) , 1169-056 Lisbon , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Maria J L","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS.NOVA \u2013 Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences , 1070-312 Lisbon , Portugal"},{"name":"NOVA School of Social Sciences and Humanities (NOVA FCSH) , 1069-061 Lisbon , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana E","family":"Guerreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Maia (ISMAI) , 4475-690 Maia , Portugal"},{"name":"School of Criminology , Faculty of Law, , 4050-123 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"University of Porto , Faculty of Law, , 4050-123 Porto , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Duarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CICS.NOVA \u2013 Interdisciplinary Centre of Social Sciences , 1070-312 Lisbon , Portugal"},{"name":"University Institute of Maia (ISMAI) , 4475-690 Maia , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Quintas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Criminology , Faculty of Law, , 4050-123 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"University of Porto , Faculty of Law, , 4050-123 Porto , Portugal"},{"name":"CJS, Interdisciplinary Research Center on Crime, Justice and Security , 4050-123 Porto , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health , Public Health Research Centre, , 1600-560 Lisbon , Portugal"},{"name":"Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Public Health Research Centre, , 1600-560 Lisbon , Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC) , 1169-056 Lisbon , Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ines","family":"Keygnaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health and Primary Care , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, , 9000 Ghent , Belgium"},{"name":"Ghent University , Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, , 9000 Ghent , Belgium"},{"name":"WHO Collaborating Centre: International Centre for Reproductive Health (ICRH) , , 9000 Ghent , Belgium"},{"name":"Centre for Social Studies on Migration and Refugees (CESSMIR) , , 9000 Ghent , Belgium"}]},{"given":"S\u00f3nia","family":"Dias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NOVA National School of Public Health , Public Health Research Centre, , 1600-560 Lisbon , Portugal"},{"name":"Universidade NOVA de Lisboa , Public Health Research Centre, , 1600-560 Lisbon , Portugal"},{"name":"Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC) , 1169-056 Lisbon , Portugal"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"2023061611114650600_ref1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801204265015","article-title":"Not an ordinary killer-just an ordinary guy: when men murder an intimate woman partner","volume":"10","author":"Dobash","year":"2004","journal-title":"Violence Against Women"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref2","volume-title":"A viol\u00eancia nas rela\u00e7\u00f5es de intimidade: um contributo para a defini\u00e7\u00e3o de alguns conceitos","author":"Magalh\u00e3es","year":"2005"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref3","volume-title":"Domestic Violence Publishing S, editor","author":"Huecker","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref4","volume-title":"What Is Domestic Abuse? [Online]","author":"United Nations","year":"2021"},{"issue":"3","key":"2023061611114650600_ref5","first-page":"95","article-title":"Viol\u00eancia dom\u00e9stica: conceito e \u00e2mbito: tipos e espa\u00e7os de viol\u00eancia","volume":"2","author":"Louren\u00e7o","year":"2001","journal-title":"Themis"},{"issue":"1595","key":"2023061611114650600_ref6","article-title":"Intimate partner violence in the golden age: systematic review of risk and protective factors","volume":"9","author":"Gerino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref7","volume-title":"Domestic Violence and International Law","author":"Meyersfeld","year":"2012","edition":"1st"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref8","volume-title":"COVID-19 and Ending Violence Against Women and Girls","author":"UN Women","year":"2020"},{"issue":"24","key":"2023061611114650600_ref9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2024046","article-title":"A pandemic within a pandemic - intimate partner violence during COVID-19","volume":"383","author":"Evans","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023061611114650600_ref10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1002\/ab.21482","article-title":"Men and women as perpetrators and victims of sexual aggression in heterosexual and same-sex encounters: a study of first-year college students in Germany","volume":"39","author":"Krah\u00e9","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aggress Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023061611114650600_ref11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1891\/1946-6560.3.2.231","article-title":"A systematic review of risk factors for intimate partner violence","volume":"3","author":"Capaldi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Partn Abus"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023061611114650600_ref12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304428","article-title":"Risk and protective factors for intimate partner violence against women: systematic review and meta-analyses of prospective-longitudinal studies","volume":"108","author":"Yakubovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1997.03540410047029","article-title":"Characteristics of participants in domestic violence. Assessment at the scene of domestic assault","author":"Brookoff","year":"1997","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref14","article-title":"Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic - evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Piquero","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Crim Just"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref15","first-page":"139","article-title":"Gender-based violence during the pandemic and lockdown","volume":"46","author":"Lorente","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev Esp Med Legal"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061611114650600_ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/20008198.2020.1800245","article-title":"COVID-19: urgency for distancing from domestic violence","volume":"11","author":"Ertan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Psychotraumatol"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref17","article-title":"Covid-19: EU states report 60% rise in emergency calls about domestic violence","volume":"369","author":"Mahase","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref18","volume-title":"Relat\u00f3rio Anual de Seguran\u00e7a Interna 2018","author":"Ministro da Administra\u00e7\u00e3o Interna","year":"2019"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref19","volume-title":"Relat\u00f3rio Anual de Seguran\u00e7a Interna 2019","author":"Ministro da Administra\u00e7\u00e3o Interna","year":"2020"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref20","volume-title":"Relat\u00f3rio Anual de Seguran\u00e7a Interna 2020","author":"Ministro da Administra\u00e7\u00e3o Interna","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref21","volume-title":"2\u00aa Newsletter do Projeto viol\u00eancia contra as mulheres e viol\u00eancia dom\u00e9stica (VMVD) em tempos de pandemia","author":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Portuguesa","year":"2021"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref22","first-page":"1","article-title":"When stay-at-home orders leave victims unsafe at home: exploring the risk and consequences of intimate partner violence during the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Kaukinen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Crim Justice"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref23","first-page":"1","article-title":"Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic in Portugal. Port","author":"Gama","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Public Health"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147360","article-title":"Prevalence and associated factors of sexual victimization: findings from a National Representative Sample of Belgian adults aged 16-69","author":"Schapansky","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref25","volume-title":"The Sexual Experiences Short Form Victimization (SES-SFV) Tucson","author":"Koss","year":"2006"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061611114650600_ref26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/cku066","article-title":"Sexual and gender-based violence in the European asylum and reception sector: a perpetuum mobile?","volume":"25","author":"Keygnaert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5117\/TVGN2021.2.005.DESC","article-title":"Mental health and domestic violence in LGB+ persons during lockdown measures in Belgium","author":"De Schrijver","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tijdschrift voor Genderstudies"},{"issue":"1","key":"2023061611114650600_ref28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1590\/0104-1169.3186.2388","article-title":"Reports of violence against women in different life cycles","volume":"22","author":"Souza","year":"2014","journal-title":"Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem"},{"issue":"9","key":"2023061611114650600_ref29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Factors associated with violence against women in primary","volume":"31","author":"Rolim de Holanda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev Bras Promo\u00e7 Sa\u00fade, Fortaleza"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023061611114650600_ref30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30159-X","article-title":"Drinking alone: COVID-19, lockdown, and alcohol-related harm","volume":"5","author":"The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2023061611114650600_ref31","first-page":"196","article-title":"Violence against the elderly: narrative of a case","volume":"3","author":"Sani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Z Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s41885-020-00070-3","article-title":"Socio-economic impacts of COVID-19 on household","volume":"4","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Economics of Disasters and Climate Change"},{"issue":"10","key":"2023061611114650600_ref33","article-title":"Dimensi\u00f3n psicosocial de la pandemia: la otra cara del COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Leiva","year":"2020","journal-title":"CIENCIA y ENFERMERIA"},{"issue":"553345","key":"2023061611114650600_ref34","article-title":"Mitigating COVID-19 impact on the Portuguese population mental health: the opportunity that lies in digital mental health","volume":"8","author":"Mendes-Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"2023061611114650600_ref35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260503253232","article-title":"Does alcohol make a difference?: within-participants comparison of incidents of partner violence","volume":"18","author":"Testa","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"6","key":"2023061611114650600_ref36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaa058","article-title":"Did the general population in Germany drink more alcohol during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown?","volume":"55","author":"Koopmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref37","volume-title":"Intimate partner violence and alcohol","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2006"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023061611114650600_ref38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1741-3737.2008.00558.x","article-title":"Men's aggression toward women: a 10-year panel study","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Marriage Fam"},{"issue":"5","key":"2023061611114650600_ref39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0233185","article-title":"Exploring stress, cognitive, and affective mechanisms of the relationship between interpersonal trauma and opioid misuse","volume":"15","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.01.016","article-title":"The impact of intimate partner violence, depressive symptoms, alcohol dependence, and perceived stress on 30-year cardiovascular disease risk among young adult women: a multiple mediation analysis","volume":"121","author":"Novack Wrigh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"2023061611114650600_ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2019.101358","article-title":"Intimate partner homicide: a meta-analysis of risk factors","volume":"50","author":"Matias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aggress Violent Behav"}],"container-title":["Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article-pdf\/45\/2\/491\/50600397\/fdac024.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article-pdf\/45\/2\/491\/50600397\/fdac024.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,16]],"date-time":"2023-06-16T11:13:21Z","timestamp":1686914001000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/jpubhealth\/article\/45\/2\/491\/6551086"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/pubmed\/fdac024","relation":{},"ISSN":["1741-3842","1741-3850"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1741-3842","type":"print"},{"value":"1741-3850","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published-other":{"date-parts":[[2023,6]]},"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]}}}