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Initially, they are responsible for the wound cleaning and for the phagocytosis of pathogens and afterwards they lead to the resolution of the inflammatory response and they express growth factors important for angiogenesis and cytokines and growth factors needed for cell proliferation and deposition of extracellular matrix. The phenotype of the macrophage changes gradually throughout the healing process from the initial M1 pro-inflammatory phenotype characteristic of the acute response to the M2 pro-regenerative phenotype that allows an accurate tissue repair. In chronic wounds, M1 pro-inflammatory macrophages persist and impair tissue repair. As such, immunomodulatory biomaterials arise as promising solutions to accelerate the wound healing process. In this review, we discuss the importance of macrophages and their polarization throughout the different phases of wound healing; macrophage dysfunction in chronic wounds and the use of immunomodulatory biomaterials to overcome the critical problem of chronic wounds\u2014the continued inflammatory phase that impairs healing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1093\/rb\/rbac065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,6]],"date-time":"2022-09-06T14:18:20Z","timestamp":1662473900000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Immunomodulatory biomaterial-based wound dressings advance the healing of chronic wounds via regulating macrophage behavior"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ana Beatriz","family":"Sousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto , Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 , 4200-125 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica , Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 , 4200-125 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 , 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Artur P","family":"\u00c1guas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 , 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"UMIB\u2014Unit for Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research of ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 , 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio A","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto , Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 , 4200-125 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica , Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 , 4200-125 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 , 4050-313 Porto, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1852-2790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judite N","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"i3S\u2014Instituto de Inova\u00e7\u00e3o e Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Sa\u00fade, Universidade do Porto , Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 , 4200-125 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"INEB\u2014Instituto de Engenharia Biom\u00e9dica , Rua Alfredo Allen, 208 , 4200-125 Porto, Portugal"},{"name":"ICBAS\u2014Instituto de Ci\u00eancias Biom\u00e9dicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto , Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228 , 4050-313 Porto, 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