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RNAs encoded by Hessian fly superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) genes, involved in detoxification of AOS, increased in first-instar larvae during both compatible and incompatible interactions. However, mRNA levels of a wheat NADPH oxidase (NOX) gene that generates superoxide (O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u00af) did not increase. In addition, inhibiting wheat NOX enzyme with diphenyleneiodonium did not result in increased survival of avirulent larvae. However, nitro blue tetrazolium staining indicated that basal levels of O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u00af are present in both uninfested and infested wheat tissue. mRNA encoded by wheat genes involved in detoxification of the cellular environment, SOD, CAT, and glutathione-S-transferase did not increase in abundance. Histo-chemical staining with 3,3-diaminobenzidine revealed no increases in wheat hydrogen peroxide (H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>) during infestation that were correlated with the changes in larval SOD and CAT mRNA. However, treatment with 2\u2032,7\u2032-dichlorofluorescin demonstrated the presence of basal levels of H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> in the elongation zone of both infested and uninfested plants. The accumulation of a wheat flavanone 3-hydroxylase mRNA did show some parallels with larval gene mRNA profiles. 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