{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T04:27:06Z","timestamp":1791088026491,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.023846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,10,20]],"date-time":"2004-10-20T18:30:50Z","timestamp":1098297050000},"page":"1136-1146","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Cloning and Localization of Three Forms of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone, Including the Novel Whitefish Form, in a Salmonid, Coregonus clupeaformis1"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Elaine D.","family":"Vickers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"Laberge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshiaki J.","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy M.","family":"Sherwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1159\/000114156","article-title":"Evolution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal systems.","volume":"42","year":"1993","journal-title":"Brain Behav Evol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Origin and evolution of GnRH in vertebrates and invertebrates.","volume-title":"GnRH Neurons: Gene to Behavior","year":"1997"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3947","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-11-03947.2000","article-title":"Neuromodulatory effects of gonadotropin releasing hormone on olfactory receptor neurons.","volume":"20","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R4","first-page":"259","article-title":"Physiology and release activity of GnRH neurons.","volume-title":"Progress in Brain Research","year":"2002"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R5","first-page":"2","article-title":"1999 Gonadotropin-releasing hormone in mulberry cells of Saccoglossus and Ptychodera (Hemichordata: Enteropneusta).","volume":"114","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1159\/000127203","article-title":"Lesions of gonadotropin-releasing hormone-immunoreactive terminal nerve cells: effects on the reproductive behavior of male dwarf gouramis.","volume":"65","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1999.7377","article-title":"Actions of two forms of gonadotropin releasing hormone and a GnRH antagonist on spawning behavior of the goldfish Carassius auratus.","volume":"116","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2002-220883","article-title":"An evolutionarily conserved form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone coordinates energy and reproductive behavior.","volume":"144","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2509","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-124-5-2509","article-title":"Evidence that gonadotropin-releasing hormone also functions as a growth hormone-releasing factor in the goldfish.","volume":"124","year":"1989","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1550121","article-title":"Evidence that gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) functions as a prolactin-releasing factor in a teleost fish (Oreochromis mossambicus) and primary structures for three native GnRH molecules.","volume":"155","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R11","first-page":"99","article-title":"GnRH in tilapia: three genes, three origins and their roles.","volume-title":"GnRH Neurons: Gene to Behaviour","year":"1997"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod67.1.232","article-title":"Three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, including a novel form, in a basal salmonid, Coregonus clupeaformis.","volume":"67","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8446(1989)014<0004:TCASNO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The classification and scientific names of rainbow and cutthroat trouts.","volume":"14","year":"1989","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2794","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.80.9.2794","article-title":"Characterization of a teleost gonadotropin-releasing hormone.","volume":"80","year":"1983","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(92)90027-4","article-title":"The Atlantic salmon prepro-gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene and mRNA.","volume":"84","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R16","first-page":"420","article-title":"The salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone encoding gene in salmonids.","volume":"1","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Mar Biol Biotech"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0090073","article-title":"Characterization and localization of mRNA encoding the salmon-type gonadotrophin-releasing hormone precursor of the masu salmon.","volume":"9","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0150001","article-title":"Two differing precursor genes for the salmon-type gonadotropin-releasing hormone exist in salmonids.","volume":"15","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(95)03675-W","article-title":"Characterization of the Pacific salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene, copy number and transcription start site.","volume":"115","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1998.tb01005.x","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of mRNA encoding the chicken-II type gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) precursor in the rainbow trout.","volume":"53","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Fish Biol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(99)00163-X","article-title":"Regulation and expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in salmon embryo and gonad.","volume":"157","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3012","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.7.6795","article-title":"Regulation and expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene differs in brain and gonads in rainbow trout.","volume":"140","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R23","article-title":"The origin and evolution of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in boney fishes","volume-title":"Thesis","year":"1995"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.004788","article-title":"Transcription and translation of the salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone genes in brain and gonads of sexually maturing rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).","volume":"67","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8363","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.18.8363","article-title":"Three gonadotropin-releasing hormone genes in one organism suggest novel roles for an ancient peptide.","volume":"92","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod55.3.636","article-title":"Three forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in a perciform fish (Sparus aurata): complementary deoxyribonucleic acid characterization and brain localization.","volume":"55","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.3476","article-title":"A novel form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the medaka, Oryzias latipes.","volume":"276","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R28","first-page":"95","article-title":"Regulation of GnRH and its receptor in a teleost, red seabream.","volume-title":"Progress in Brain Research","year":"2002"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6480(02)00008-4","article-title":"Molecular cloning of three cDNAs encoding different GnRHs in the brain of barfin flounder.","volume":"126","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/1044-7431(92)90003-K","article-title":"Primary structures of two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, one distinct and one conserved, from catfish brain.","volume":"3","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(05)81468-8","article-title":"Two gonadotropin-releasing hormones from African catfish (Clarias gariepinus).","volume":"187","year":"1992","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1996.0031","article-title":"Expression of salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and chicken GnRH-II precursor messenger ribonucleic acids in the brain and ovary of goldfish.","volume":"101","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R33","first-page":"262","article-title":"Cloning and expression pattern of a second [His5Trp7Tyr8] gonadotropin-releasing hormone (chicken GnRH-II) mRNA in goldfish: evidence for two distinct genes.","volume":"170","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0190337","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of mRNA encoding the salmon- and chicken-II type gonadotrophin-releasing hormones in the teleost fish Rutilus rutilus (Cyprinidae).","volume":"19","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1500017","article-title":"Molecular forms of GnRH in three model fishes: rockfish, medaka and zebrafish.","volume":"150","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-3-25","article-title":"In silico and in situ characterization of the zebrafish (Danio rerio) gnrh3 (sGnRH) gene.","volume":"3","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-6480(03)00144-8","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the GnRH system in zebrafish (Danio rerio): cloning of chicken GnRH-II, adult brain expression patterns and pituitary content of salmon GnRH and chicken GnRH-II.","volume":"133","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R38","first-page":"156","article-title":"Single-step method of RNA isolation by acid guanidium thiocyanate-phenol-chloroform extraction.","volume":"162","year":"1987","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R39","first-page":"95","article-title":"Bioedit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT.","volume":"41","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucl Acids Symp Ser"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5618","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.138.12.5592","article-title":"A second form of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) with characteristics of chicken GnRH-II is present in the primate brain.","volume":"138","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(95)03737-3","article-title":"Multiple transcription start sites for the GnRH gene in rhesus and cynomolgus monkeys: a non-human primate model for studying GnRH gene regulation.","volume":"117","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.10190","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of three different prepro-GnRHs in the brain and pituitary of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) using antibodies to the corresponding GnRH-associated peptides.","volume":"446","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S1464793100005613","article-title":"Chromosome evolution in the Salmonidae (Pisces): an update.","volume":"76","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Rev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1995.1088","article-title":"Structure, localization, and molecular phylogeny of a GnRH cDNA from a paracanthopterygian fish, the plainfin midshipman (Porichthys notatus).","volume":"99","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.1.305","article-title":"Second gene for gonadotropin releasing hormone in humans.","volume":"95","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903560105","article-title":"Immunocytochemical localization of sGnRH and cGnRH-II in the brain of goldfish, Carassius auratus.","volume":"356","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1002\/1096-9861(20000101)429:1<144::AID-CNE11>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Differential expression of three different prepro-GnRH (gonadotrophin-releasing hormone) messengers in the brain of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax).","volume":"429","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R48","first-page":"225","article-title":"Developmental expression of three different prepro-GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) messengers in the brain of the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax).","volume":"23","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Chem Neuroanat"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.2.7300","article-title":"Primary structure and function of three gonadotropin-releasing hormones, including a novel form, from an ancient teleost, herring.","volume":"141","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(90)90310-I","article-title":"Use of a pituitary cell dispersion method and primary culture system for the studies of gonadotropin-releasing hormone action in the goldfish, Carassius auratus.","volume":"77","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1139\/f87-237","article-title":"Effects of mammalian and salmon gonadotropin-releasing hormones and analogues on plasma gonadotropin levels and ovulation in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch).","volume":"44","year":"1987","journal-title":"Can J Fish Aquat Sci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-6480(86)90110-3","article-title":"Use of pituitary cells in primary culture to study the regulation of gonadotropin hormone (GtH) secretion in rainbow trout: Setting up and validating the system as assessed by its responsiveness to mammalian and salmon gonadotropin releasing hormone.","volume":"62","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224175959_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1006\/gcen.1995.1029","article-title":"Gonadotropin-releasing activities of the three native forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormones present in the brain of gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata.","volume":"97","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gen Comp Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["Biology of Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biolreprod\/article-pdf\/70\/4\/1136\/10590636\/biolreprod1136.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T10:13:24Z","timestamp":1539684804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biolreprod\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1095\/biolreprod.103.023846"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod.103.023846","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3363","1529-7268"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3363","type":"print"},{"value":"1529-7268","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,4,1]]}}}