{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T06:44:46Z","timestamp":1767854686251,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]]},"DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.104.033746","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,2]],"date-time":"2004-12-02T01:34:51Z","timestamp":1101951291000},"page":"851-861","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cloning and Characterization of the 5\u03b1-Reductase Type 2 Promoter in the Rat Epididymis1"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"72","author":[{"given":"Shayesta","family":"Seenundun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Robaire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"286","reference":[{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R1","first-page":"491","article-title":"Metabolism of testicular androgens","volume":"5","year":"1975","journal-title":"Handbook Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.40.030178.001431","article-title":"Sexual differentiation","volume":"40","year":"1978","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(80)90267-3","article-title":"The pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"68","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R4","first-page":"505","article-title":"Finasteride, an inhibitor of 5 alpha-reductase, suppresses prostatic dihydrotestosterone in men with benign prostatic hyperplasia","volume":"74","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.bi.63.070194.000325","article-title":"Steroid 5 alpha-reductase: two genes\/two enzymes","volume":"63","year":"1994","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0570111","article-title":"The metabolism of testosterone by human male scalp skin","volume":"57","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12317162","article-title":"Activity of the type 1 5 alpha-reductase exhibits regional differences in isolated sebaceous glands and whole skin","volume":"105","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12541698","article-title":"Activity of testosterone 5 alpha-reductase in various tissues of human skin","volume":"74","year":"1980","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)48320-2","article-title":"Increased 5 alpha-reductase activity in idiopathic hirsutism","volume":"43","year":"1985","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R10","first-page":"309","article-title":"The intranuclear metabolism of testosterone in the accessory organs of reproduction","volume":"26","year":"1970","journal-title":"Recent Prog Horm Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R11","first-page":"999","volume-title":"The Physiology of Reproduction","year":"1988"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1071\/ZO9570223","article-title":"The structure and function of the epididymis. 1. The histology of the rat epididymis","volume":"5","year":"1957","journal-title":"Austr J Zool"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod52.2.226","article-title":"Regulation of epididymal epithelial-cell functions","volume":"52","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9359","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.20.9359","article-title":"Cell-type-specific expression of rat steroid 5 alpha-reductase isozymes","volume":"90","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)32758-1","article-title":"Cell-type-specific expression of steroid 5-alpha-reductase 2","volume":"152","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)71614-1","article-title":"Expression cloning and regulation of steroid 5 alpha-reductase, an enzyme essential for male sexual differentiation","volume":"264","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1038\/354159a0","article-title":"Deletion of steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 gene in male pseudohermaphroditism","volume":"354","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3640","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.10.3640","article-title":"Structural and biochemical properties of cloned and expressed human and rat steroid 5 alpha-reductases","volume":"87","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19548","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)41809-1","article-title":"Tissue distribution and kinetic characteristics of rat steroid 5 alpha-reductase isozymes. Evidence for distinct physiological functions","volume":"267","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115574","article-title":"Genetic and pharmacological evidence for more than one human steroid 5 alpha-reductase","volume":"89","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115954","article-title":"Molecular genetics of steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 deficiency","volume":"90","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/0888-7543(91)90038-G","article-title":"Characterization and chromosomal mapping of a human steroid 5 alpha-reductase gene and pseudogene and mapping of the mouse homologue","volume":"11","year":"1991","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.131.3.1505484","article-title":"Structure of human type II 5 alpha-reductase gene","volume":"131","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00171a029","article-title":"Natural mutagenesis study of the human steroid 5 alpha-reductase 2 isozyme","volume":"33","year":"1994","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116665","article-title":"Tissue distribution and ontogeny of steroid 5 alpha-reductase isozyme expression","volume":"92","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.1996.tb00583.x","article-title":"The mRNAs for the steroid 5 alpha-reductase isozymes, types 1 and 2, are differentially regulated in the rat epididymis","volume":"17","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R27","volume-title":"Current Protocols in Molecular Biology","year":"1988"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod61.3.705","article-title":"Distribution of immune cells in the epididymis of the aging Brown Norway rat is segment-specific and related to the luminal content","volume":"61","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1939-4640.2002.tb02344.x","article-title":"Immortalized epididymal cell lines from transgenic mice overexpressing temperature-sensitive simian virus 40 large T-antigen gene","volume":"23","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Androl"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/03610737908257211","article-title":"Age dependent changes in the sperm population and fertility in the male rat","volume":"5","year":"1979","journal-title":"Exp Aging Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2298","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.134.5.8156933","article-title":"Immunocytochemical localization of 4-ene steroid 5 alpha-reductase type 1 along the rat epididymis during postnatal development","volume":"134","year":"1994","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070300102","article-title":"Immunocytochemical localization of the Ya, Yc, Yb1, and Yb2 subunits of glutathione S-transferases in the testis and epididymis of adult rats","volume":"30","year":"1995","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1991.tb27324.x","article-title":"Differential patterns of regulated gene expression in the adult rat epididymis","volume":"637","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.98.1.85","article-title":"Immortalization of male genital duct epithelium: an assay system for the cystic fibrosis gene","volume":"98","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/7.10.935","article-title":"Epididymal epithelium immortalized by simian virus 40 large T antigen: a model to study epididymal gene expression","volume":"7","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol Hum Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.6.1387","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of the mouse steroid 5alpha-reductase type II gene by progesterone in brain","volume":"30","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1881","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod63.6.1881","article-title":"Characterization of an androgen-specific response region within the 5\u2032 flanking region of the murine epididymal retinoic acid binding protein gene","volume":"63","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R38","first-page":"16","article-title":"Establishment and characterization of a human prostatic carcinoma cell line (PC-3)","volume":"17","year":"1979","journal-title":"Invest Urol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29583","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.42.29583","article-title":"Context-dependent transcriptional regulation","volume":"274","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/27.15.2991","article-title":"A tale of three fingers: the family of mammalian Sp\/XKLF transcription factors","volume":"27","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(02)00221-6","article-title":"Regulation of the activity of Sp1-related transcription factors","volume":"195","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol Cell Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(89)90606-5","article-title":"Synergistic activation by the glutamine-rich domains of human transcription factor Sp1","volume":"59","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.11.2.9890","article-title":"Steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) and SP1 are required for regulation of bovine CYP11A gene expression in bovine luteal cells and adrenal Y1 cells","volume":"11","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29116","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M104130200","article-title":"Sp1 plays a critical role in the transcriptional activation of the human cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21(WAF1\/Cip1) gene by the p53 tumor suppressor protein","volume":"276","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30264","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.51.30264","article-title":"Stat1 depends on transcriptional synergy with Sp1","volume":"270","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2437","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.15.5.2437","article-title":"Functional synergy and physical interactions of the erythroid transcription factor GATA-1 with the Kruppel family proteins Sp1 and EKLF","volume":"15","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.16.6.2940","article-title":"Sp1 binds two sites in the CD11c promoter in vivo specifically in myeloid cells and cooperates with AP1 to activate transcription","volume":"16","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6570","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.14.10.6570","article-title":"An interaction between the DNA-binding domains of RelA(p65) and Sp1 mediates human immunodeficiency virus gene activation","volume":"14","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R49","first-page":"1371","article-title":"Role of estrogen receptor\/Sp1 complexes in estrogen-induced heat shock protein 27 gene expression","volume":"10","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod60.3.664","article-title":"Involvement of polyomavirus enhancer activator 3 in the regulation of expression of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase messenger ribonucleic acid-IV in the rat epididymis","volume":"60","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.1.192","article-title":"A glutamine-rich hydrophobic patch in transcription factor Sp1 contacts the dTAFII110 component of the Drosophila TFIID complex and mediates transcriptional activation","volume":"91","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3843","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1994.tb06695.x","article-title":"Sp1-mediated transcriptional activation is repressed by Sp3","volume":"13","year":"1994","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod57.1.186","article-title":"Identification, expression, and regulation of the transcriptional factor polyomavirus enhancer activator 3, and its putative role in regulating the expression of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase mRNA-IV in the rat epididymis","volume":"57","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biol Reprod"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2795(199705)47:1<87::AID-MRD12>3.0.CO;2-X","article-title":"Tissue and developmental distribution, dependence upon testicular factors and attachment to spermatozoa of GPX5, a murine epididymis-specific glutathione peroxidase","volume":"47","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol Reprod Dev"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(03)00608-5","article-title":"Characterization of mouse Eppin and a gene cluster of similar protease inhibitors on mouse chromosome 2","volume":"312","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"key\n\t\t\t\t20170224025451_R56","first-page":"1653","article-title":"The CRES gene: a unique testis-regulated gene related to the cystatin family is highly restricted in its expression to the proximal region of the mouse epididymis","volume":"6","year":"1992","journal-title":"Mol Endocrinol"}],"container-title":["Biology of Reproduction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biolreprod\/article-pdf\/72\/4\/851\/10562546\/biolreprod0851.pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,16]],"date-time":"2024-01-16T05:15:47Z","timestamp":1705382147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/biolreprod\/article-lookup\/doi\/10.1095\/biolreprod.104.033746"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1095\/biolreprod.104.033746","relation":{},"ISSN":["0006-3363","1529-7268"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0006-3363","type":"print"},{"value":"1529-7268","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,1]]}}}