{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T21:21:07Z","timestamp":1790889667509,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,2,1]],"date-time":"1998-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":886291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The proposed anti\u2010 and pro\u2010oxidant effects of nitric oxide (NO) derivatives, such as\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and peroxynitrite, were investigated in the rat nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Intranigral infusion of freshly prepared GSNO (0\u201316.8 nmol, i.n.) prevented iron\u2010induced (4.2 nmol, i.n.) oxidative stress and nigral injury, reflected by a decrease in striatal dopamine levels. This neuroprotective effect of GSNO was verified by ex vivo imaging of brain dopamine uptake sites using\n                      <jats:sup>125<\/jats:sup>\n                      I\u2010labeled RTI\u201055. In addition, in vitro data indicate that GSNO concentration\u2010dependently inhibited iron\u2010evoked hydroxyl radical generation and brain lipid peroxidation. In this iron\u2010induced oxidant stress model, GSNO was approximately 100\u2010fold more potent than the antioxidant glutathione (GSH). Light\u2010exposed, NO\u2010exhausted GSNO produced neither antioxidative nor neuroprotective effects, which indicates that NO may mediate at least part of GSNO's effects. Moreover, GSNO completely (and GSH only partially) inhibited the weak pro\u2010oxidant effect of peroxynitrite, which produced little injury to nigral neurons in vivo. This study provides relevant in vivo evidence suggesting that nanomol GSNO can protect brain dopamine neurons from iron\u2010induced oxidative stress and degeneration. In conclusion,\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010nitrosylation of GSH by NO and oxygen may be part of the antioxidative cellular defense system.\u2014Rauhala, P., Lin, A. M.\u2010Y., Chiueh, C. C. Neuroprotection by\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010nitrosoglutathione of brain dopamine neurons from oxidative stress.\n                      <jats:italic>FASEB J.<\/jats:italic>\n                      12, 165\u2013173 (1998)\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.12.2.165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,25]],"date-time":"2018-01-25T04:36:15Z","timestamp":1516854975000},"page":"165-173","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Neuroprotection by\n                    <i>S<\/i>\n                    \u2010nitrosoglutathione of brain dopamine neurons from oxidative stress"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Pekka","family":"Rauhala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit on Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection Laboratory of Clinical Science National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda Maryland 20892\u20131264 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anya M.\u2010Y.","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit on Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection Laboratory of Clinical Science National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda Maryland 20892\u20131264 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuang C.","family":"Chiueh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit on Neurodegeneration and Neuroprotection Laboratory of Clinical Science National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda Maryland 20892\u20131264 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06663-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-2236(93)90109-Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.57.030195.003343"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/327524a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(77)91460-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.4.1620"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/tx00040a007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(96)00086-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.5.2841"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ph.57.030195.003513"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-0618(96)00148-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470166420.ch8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1994.tb21813.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.9.3680"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0186(96)00002-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.2.1402"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.23.10957"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.31.18596"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.32.19180"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/abbi.1996.0247"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.1992.tb14517.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)10551-X","article-title":"S\u2010Nitrosoglutathione improves functional recovery in the isolated rat heart after cardioplegic ischemic arrest\u2010evidence for a cardioprotective effect of nitric oxide","volume":"274","author":"Konorev E. 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