{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T07:55:48Z","timestamp":1764402948857,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]],"date-time":"2019-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur F\u00f6rderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["310030_156264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["310030_156264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WTI 204697\/Z\/16\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WTI 204697\/Z\/16\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["FASEB BioAdvances"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Suramin was introduced into the clinic a century ago and is still used to treat the first stage of acute human sleeping sickness. Due to its size and sixfold negative charge, uptake is mediated through endocytosis and the suramin receptor in trypanosomes is thought to be the invariant surface glycoprotein 75 (ISG75). Nevertheless, we recently identified a variant surface glycoprotein (VSG\n                    <jats:sup>Sur<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) that confers strong in vitro resistance to suramin in a\n                    <jats:italic>Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense<\/jats:italic>\n                    line. In this study, we introduced\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      VSG\n                      <jats:sup>Sur<\/jats:sup>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    into the active bloodstream expression site of a\n                    <jats:italic>T. b. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    line. This caused suramin resistance and cross resistance to trypan blue. We quantified the endocytosis of different substrates by flow cytometry and showed that the expression of VSG\n                    <jats:sup>Sur<\/jats:sup>\n                    strongly impairs the uptake of low\u2010density lipoprotein (LDL) and transferrin, both imported by receptor\u2010mediated endocytosis. However, bulk endocytosis and endocytosis of the trypanolytic factor were not affected, and the\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      VSG\n                      <jats:sup>Sur<\/jats:sup>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010expressors did not exhibit a growth phenotype in the absence of suramin. Knockdown of ISG75 was synergistic with\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      VSG\n                      <jats:sup>Sur<\/jats:sup>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    expression, indicating that these two proteins are mediating distinct suramin resistance pathways. In conclusion, VSG\n                    <jats:sup>Sur<\/jats:sup>\n                    causes suramin resistance in\n                    <jats:italic>T. brucei<\/jats:italic>\n                    bloodstream forms by decreasing specific, receptor\u2010mediated endocytosis pathways.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fba.2019-00033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,27]],"date-time":"2019-07-27T08:30:04Z","timestamp":1564216204000},"page":"595-608","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Expression of a specific variant surface glycoprotein has a major impact on suramin sensitivity and endocytosis in\n                    <i>Trypanosoma brucei<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Natalie","family":"Wiedemar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Basel Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Zwyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Basel Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Zoltner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Dundee Dundee United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Cal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Basel Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark C.","family":"Field","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences University of Dundee Dundee United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"M\u00e4ser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute Basel Switzerland"},{"name":"University of Basel Basel Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2014.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.193"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.35.040195.000521"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(80)90050-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(93)90096-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10771"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(02)00096-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(98)00221-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2004.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(96)00131-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.13854"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2005.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3282883"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2010.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(97)00079-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(84)90302-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00493276"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1414-431X20143437"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1383-5769(99)00018-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1987.tb03216.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20150913"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00938"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005259"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.67.4.1910-1916.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01461"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mmi.12783"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1156296"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994758.0403"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110055200"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20030469"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1431927604040942"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.11.5736"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00931012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01361.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.18.6753"}],"container-title":["FASEB 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