{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,14]],"date-time":"2026-11-14T21:24:00Z","timestamp":1794691440228,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["FASEB BioAdvances"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Migraine is a chronic pulsating primary headache affecting billions of individuals worldwide. The condition is associated with neuroinflammation and is listed as the second most common form of headache disorders and the leading cause of disabilities. Migraineurs are susceptible to various pathological conditions ranging from mood and emotional dysregulation to neuronal disorders. Consequently, they often experience a higher rate of depression compared to non\u2010migraineurs. Some migraineurs do not respond effectively to conventional drugs. As a result, there is a need for more alternative, effective treatment plans. Understanding the role of inflammation in migraine headache conditions could potentially bring solutions. The aim of the review is to outline the role of inflammation, focusing on neuronal excitability, pain, and inflammatory pathways involved in the context of migraine headaches. With the use of various academic and research databases, articles linked to inflammation and neuroinflammation were considered. Data were collected and analyzed surrounding inflammatory biomarkers and their link to migraine pathophysiology and current treatment plans. Studies highlight the impact of inflammatory mediators and neurotransmitters like interleukins (IL\u20101\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,6,8,10), tumor necrosis factor\u2010alpha (TNF\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), transforming growth\u2010factor\u2010beta (TNF\u2010\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), glutamate, and chemokines in the onset and severity of migraine headaches with and without aura, eliciting pain and inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Studies also linked migraines and mood disorders, contributing to the increase in comorbidity prevalence. Further research is needed to address the increasing burden and gaps in existing treatments surrounding the inadequate relief and side effects reported with some migraine treatments. In addition, the use of medicinal plants for inflammation\u2010targeted therapy needs to be further explored for more viable alternative treatments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fba.2024-00188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]],"date-time":"2025-07-09T14:30:32Z","timestamp":1752071432000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Role of Inflammation in Migraine Headaches: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Caryn T.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Consumer Sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Science Campus, Florida  Roodepoort Gauteng South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5647-7156","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanah M.","family":"Nkadimeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Consumer Sciences College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Science Campus, Florida  Roodepoort Gauteng South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Guyton and Hall: Textbook of Medical Physiology","author":"Hall J. E.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194\u2010022\u201001402\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(24)00038\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.800605"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(21)02143\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajp.2022.103417"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.11.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.986531"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","first-page":"E617","article-title":"Associations Between Headache (Migraine and Tension\u2010Type Headache) and Psychological Symptoms (Depression and Anxiety) in Pediatrics: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Lee H.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1305933"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.13607"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13123364"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26010022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14080777"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S317182"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aprim.2021.102208"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.25998"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194\u2010019\u20101066\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint15030067"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194\u2010022\u201001442\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","volume-title":"The Challenge of Migraine in South Africa: Complex, Misunderstood and Surmountable","author":"Tucker P.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.31081"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(24)00026\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41431\u2010018\u20100150\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/thg.2016.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194\u2010010\u20100282\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194\u2010017\u20100742\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1389296"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974\u2010023\u201002919\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194\u2010023\u201001555\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2024.1355281"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","volume-title":"StatPearls [Internet]","author":"Baraness L.","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2024.2328728"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cei\/uxab025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416657147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416657147"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474\u20104422(17)30435\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2015.00148"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab136"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420925513"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102414547138"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1990.01810210057008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000058907.41080.54"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194\u2010024\u201001877\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.10.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14020163"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ejn.14720"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjpain.2014.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190709204107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194\u2010019\u20101055\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582\u2010019\u20100216\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_57_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Microglial NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation Mediates IL\u20101\u03b2 Release and Contributes to Central Sensitization in Recurrent Nitroglycerin\u2010Induced Migraine Model","volume":"16","author":"He W.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Neuroscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24996\/ijs.2024.65.12.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19071965"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_60_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Nitric Oxide Synthesis Is Supressed in Steroid\u2010Impaired and Diabetic Wounds","volume":"7","author":"Bulgrin J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Wounds"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.1c00146"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13300"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417691762"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-018-0614-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_65_1","article-title":"The Protective Role of Localized Nitric Oxide Production During Inflammation May Be Mediated by the Heme Oxygenase\u20101\/Carbon Monoxide Pathway","volume":"23","author":"Iwata M.","year":"2020","journal-title":"BB Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15171\/ipp.2019.08"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00215"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974\u2010021\u201002342\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02056-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_70_1","first-page":"R158","article-title":"Role of Excitatory Amino Acids in Regulation of Rat Plial Microvasculature","volume":"266","author":"Huang Q. F.","year":"1994","journal-title":"American Journal of Physiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194\u2010015\u20100495\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2009.08.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_73_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) \u201c(a) WHO COVID\u201019 Dashboard: Circulation \u201dhttps:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/circulation."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_74_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) \u201c(b) WHO COVID\u201019 Dashboard: Cases \u201dhttps:\/\/data.who.int\/dashboards\/covid19\/cases?n=o."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194\u2010022\u201001450\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_76_1","unstructured":"Department of Health (South Africa) \u201cWhat Is COVID\u201019 \u201dhttps:\/\/www.health.gov.za\/covid19\/about.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024221145916"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/0\u2010387\u201025856\u20106_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0092\u20108674(04)00045\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.082701.108"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2007.67"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.04.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168929"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590\u2010018\u20100208\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194\u2010024\u201001842\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.112.197301"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417742375"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14389"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000200170"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26102948"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9091127"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2024.103033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111588"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12906\u2010022\u201003619\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/psychoactives3010004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aay0574"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.111753"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28062624"}],"container-title":["FASEB BioAdvances"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1096\/fba.2024-00188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T22:45:57Z","timestamp":1761691557000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1096\/fba.2024-00188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1096\/fba.2024-00188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fba.2024-00188","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2573-9832","2573-9832"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2573-9832","type":"print"},{"value":"2573-9832","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70033"}}