{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T07:14:37Z","timestamp":1792739677929,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2001,10,1]],"date-time":"2001-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1001894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000104","name":"National Aeronautics and Space Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008898","name":"National Space Biomedical Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008898","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    It is generally believed that mechanical signals must be large in order to be anabolic to bone tissue. Recent evidence indicates, however, that extremely low\u2010magnitude (&lt;10 microstrain) mechanical signals readily stimulate bone formation if induced at a high frequency. We examined the ability of extremely low\u2010magnitude, high\u2010frequency mechanical signals to restore anabolic bone cell activity inhibited by disuse. Adult female rats were randomly assigned to six groups: baseline control, age\u2010matched control, mechanically stimulated for 10 min\/day, disuse (hind limb suspension), disuse interrupted by 10 min\/day of weight bearing, and disuse interrupted by 10 min\/day of mechanical stimulation. After a 28 day protocol, bone formation rates (BFR) in the proximal tibia of mechanically stimulated rats increased compared with age\u2010matched control (+97%). Disuse alone reduced BFR (\u201092%), a suppression only slightly curbed when disuse was interrupted by 10 min of weight bearing (\u201061%). In contrast, disuse interrupted by 10 min per day of low\u2010level mechanical intervention normalized BFR to values seen in age\u2010matched controls. This work indicates that this noninvasive, extremelylow\u2010level stimulus may provide an effective biomechanical intervention for the bone loss that plagues long\u2010term space flight, bed rest, or immobilization caused by paralysis.\u2014Rubin, C., Xu, G., Judex, S. The anabolic activity of bone tissue, suppressed by disuse, is normalized by brief exposure to extremely low\u2010magnitude mechanical stimuli.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J.<\/jats:italic>\n                    15, 2225\u20132229 (2001)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0166com","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T19:03:24Z","timestamp":1027710204000},"page":"2225-2229","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":231,"title":["The anabolic activity of bone tissue, suppressed by disuse, is normalized by brief exposure to extremely low\u2010magnitude mechanical stimuli"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Clinton","family":"Rubin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculo\u2010Skeletal Research Laboratory Department of Biomedical Engineering State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794\u20102580 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculo\u2010Skeletal Research Laboratory Department of Biomedical Engineering State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794\u20102580 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Judex","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculo\u2010Skeletal Research Laboratory Department of Biomedical Engineering State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook New York 11794\u20102580 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","volume-title":"Assessment of Programs in Space Biology and Medicine","author":"Smith M. L.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","volume-title":"A Strategy for Research in Space Biology and Medicine in The New Century","author":"Osborn M.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S8756-3282(98)00013-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"Ruff C. B. Beck T. Newman D. Oden M. Shaffner G. LeBlancA. Shackelford L. andRianon N.(1999)Skeletal consequences of reduced gravity environments.1st Biennial Space Biomed. Inv. Workshop1 86 \u2010 87(abstr.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0094-5765(79)90059-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","volume-title":"Prolonged Weightlessness and Calcium Loss in Man","author":"Smith M. C.","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Evaluation of the changes in the bone structures of the human axial skeleton in prolonged space flight","volume":"18","author":"Stupakov G. P.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Kosm. Biol. Aviakosm. Med."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","unstructured":"Shackelford L. LeBlancA. Feiveson A. andOganov V.(1999)Bone loss in space: Shuttle\/Mir experience and bed rest countermeasure program.1st Biennial Space Biomed. Inv. Workshop1 17"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100050217"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100160414"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35088122"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/54.8.B352"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9290(99)00210-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","first-page":"545","article-title":"Animal models for simulating weightlessness","volume":"24","author":"Morey\u2010Holton E.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Physiologist"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02684167"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002215549704500215"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jbmr.5650020617"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"840","article-title":"Invited review: what do we know about the effects of spaceflight on bone?","volume":"89","author":"Turner R. T.","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1999.276.1.E62"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100130510"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02553711"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9290(82)90092-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100040307"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.6.982"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199610000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"48","article-title":"Skeletal muscle adaptation in rats flown on Cosmos 1667","volume":"68","author":"Desplanches D.","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."}],"container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1096\/fj.01-0166com","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1096\/fj.01-0166com","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1096\/fj.01-0166com","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T22:57:05Z","timestamp":1761692225000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1096\/fj.01-0166com"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1096\/fj.01-0166com"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.01-0166com","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0892-6638","1530-6860"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0892-6638","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-6860","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2001-03-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2001-10-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}