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A neurological syndrome associated with vitamin E deficiency resembling Friedreich ataxia has also been described. Whereas epidemiological studies have indicated the role of vitamin E in preventing the progression of atherosclerosis and cancer, intervention trials have produced contradictory results, indicating strong protection in some cases and no significant effect in others. Although it is commonly believed that phenolic compounds like vitamin E exert only a protective role against free radical damage, antioxidant molecules can exert other biological functions. For instance, the anti\u2010oxidant activity of 17\u2010\u03b2\u2010estradiol is not related to its role in determining secondary sexual characters, and the antioxidant capacity of all\u2010irans\u2010retinal is distinguished from its role in rhodopsin and vision. Thus, it is not unusual that \u03b1\u2010tocopherol (the most active form of vitamin E) has properties independent of its antiox\u2010idant\/radical scavenging ability. The Roman god Janus, shown in ancient coins as having two faces in one body, inspired the designation of \u2018Janus molecules\u2019 for these substances. The new biochemical face of vitamin E was first described in 1991, with an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and protein kinase C activity. After a decade, this nonantioxidant role of vitamin E is well established, as confirmed by authoritative studies of signal transduction and gene regulation. More recently, a tocopherol binding protein with possible receptor function has been discovered. Despite such important developments in understanding the molecular mechanism and the targets of vitamin E, its new Janus face is not fully elucidated. Greater knowledge of the molecular events related to vitamin E will help in selecting the parameters for clinical intervention studies such as population type, dose response effects, and possible synergism with other compounds.\u2014Ricciarelli, R., Zingg, J.\u2010M., Azzi, A. 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