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Originally thought to be a satiety factor, leptin is a pleiotropic molecule. In addition to playing a role in energy regulation, leptin also regulates endocrine and immune functions. Both the structure of leptin and that of its receptor suggest that leptin might be classified as a cytokine. The secondary structure of leptin has similarities to the long\u2010chain helical cytokines family, which includes interleukin 6 (IL\u20106), IL\u201011, CNTF, and LIF, and the leptin receptor is homologous to the gp\u2010130 signal\u2010transducing subunit of the IL\u20106\u2010type cytokine receptors. Leptin plays a role in innate and acquired immunity. Leptin levels increase acutely during infection and inflammation, and may represent a protective component of the host response to inflammation. More important, leptin deficiency increases susceptibility to infectious and inflammatory stimuli and is associated with dysregulation of cytokine production. Leptin deficiency also causes a defect in hematopoiesis. Leptin regulates T cells responses, polarizing Th cells toward a Th1 phenotype. Low leptin levels occurring during starvation mediate the neuroendocrine and immune dysfunction of starvation.\u2014Faggioni, R., Feingold, K. R., Grunfeld, C. Leptin regulation of the immune response and the immunodeficiency of malnutrition.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J.<\/jats:italic>\n                    15, 2565\u20132571 (2001)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.01-0431rev","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T19:03:10Z","timestamp":1027710190000},"page":"2565-2571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":377,"title":["Leptin regulation of the immune response and the immunodeficiency of malnutrition\n                    <sup>1<\/sup>"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Raffaella","family":"Faggioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center University of California San Francisco San Francisco California 94121 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth R.","family":"Feingold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center University of California San Francisco San Francisco California 94121 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Grunfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center University of California San Francisco San Francisco California 94121 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/372425a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00429772"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(95)90151-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/379632a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/43185"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81294-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7624778"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7624777"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7624776"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1295-1311"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1195-1155"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199909163411204"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.142.1.7909","article-title":"Transgenic mice overexpressing leptin accumulate adipose tissue mass at an older, but not younger, age","volume":"142","author":"Qui J.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/382250a0","article-title":"Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting","volume":"382","author":"Ahima R. 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