{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T12:59:39Z","timestamp":1788872379342,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,5]],"date-time":"2002-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1031184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007225","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007225","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    \u03b1\u2010Synuclein (\u03b1\u2010SN) is a ubiquitous protein that is especially abundant in the brain and has been postulated to play a central role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders. However, little is known about the neuronal functions of \u03b1\u2010SN and the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neuronal loss. Here, we show that \u03b1\u2010SN plays dual roles of neuroprotection and neurotoxicity depending on its concentration or level of expression. At nanomolar concentrations, \u03b1\u2010SN protected neurons against serum deprivation, oxidative stress, and excitotoxicity through the PI3\/Akt signaling pathway, and its protective effect was increased by Bcl\u20102 overexpression. Conversely, at both low micromolar and overexpressed levels in the cell, \u03b1\u2010SN resulted in cytotoxicity. This might be related to decreased Bcl\u2010xL expression and increased bax expression, which is subsequently followed by cytochrome\n                    <jats:italic>c<\/jats:italic>\n                    release and caspase activation and also by microglia\u2010mediated inflammatory responses via the NF\u03baB and mitogen\u2010activated protein kinase pathways.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0041fje","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,10,30]],"date-time":"2002-10-30T13:44:20Z","timestamp":1035985460000},"page":"1-20","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":144,"title":["RETRACTED: \u03b1\u2010Synuclein regulates neuronal survival via Bcl\u20102 family expression and PI3\/Akt kinase pathway"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Ji\u2010Heui","family":"Seo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology National Creative Research 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