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To elucidate PD pathogenic factors, and thus to develop therapeutic strategies, a murine PD model based on the administration of the neurotoxin 1\u2010methyl\u20104\u2010phenyl\u20101,2,3,6\u2010tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) has been used extensively. It has been demonstrated that activated microglia cells actively participate in the pathogenesis of MPTP\u2010induced PD through the release of cytotoxic factors. Because current treatments for PD are not effective, considerable research focused lately on a number of regulatory molecules termed microglia\u2010deactivating factors. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide with a potent anti\u2010inflammatory effect, has been found to be protective in several inflammatory disorders. This study investigates the putative protective effect of VIP in the MPTP model for PD. VIP treatment significantly decreases MPTP\u2010induced dopaminergic neuronal loss in SNpc and nigrostriatal nerve\u2010fiber loss. VIP prevents MPTP\u2010induced activation of microglia in SNpc and striatum and the expression of the cytotoxic mediators, iNOS, interleukin 1\u03b2, and numor necrosis factor \u03b1. VIP emerges as a potential valuable neuroprotective agent for the treatment of pathologic conditions in the central nervous system, such as PD, where inflammation\u2010induced neurodegeneration occurs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0799fje","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,30]],"date-time":"2003-04-30T16:03:40Z","timestamp":1051718620000},"page":"1-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["Neuroprotective effect of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease by blocking microglial activation"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mario","family":"Delgado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Rutgers University  Newark New Jersey"},{"name":"Departamento Biologia Celular Facultad de Biologia Universidad Complutense  Madrid 28040 Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Parasitologia y Biomedicina \u201cLopez Neyra\u201d CSIC  Granada 18001 Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doina","family":"Ganea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Rutgers University  Newark New Jersey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_4_2_1","first-page":"417","volume-title":"Neuroscience in Medicine","author":"Rodnitzky R. 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