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Thus, photosensitizers (PSs) used in anti\u2010cancer therapy should ideally be transported to the most sensitive subcellular compartments in order for their action to be most pronounced. Here we describe the design, production, and characterization of the effects of bacterially expressed modular recombinant transporters for PSs comprising 1) \u03b1\u2010melanocyte\u2010stimulating hormone as an internalizable, cell\u2010specific ligand; 2) an optimized nuclear localization sequence of the SV40 large T\u2010antigen; 3) an\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    hemoglobin\u2010like protein as a carrier; and 4) an endosomolytic amphipathic polypeptide, the translocation domain of diphtheria toxin. These modular transporters delivered PSs into the nuclei, the most vulnerable sites for the action of PSs, of murine melanoma cells, but not non\u2010MSH receptor\u2010overexpressing cells, to result in cytotoxic effects several orders of magnitude greater than those of nonmodified PSs. The modular fusion proteins described here for the first time, capable of cell\u2010specific targeting to particular subcellular compartments to increase drug efficacy, represent new pharmaceuticals with general application.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-0888fje","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,14]],"date-time":"2003-04-14T20:13:50Z","timestamp":1050351230000},"page":"1121-1123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Recombinant modular transporters for cell\u2010specific nuclear delivery of locally acting drugs enhance photosensitizer activity"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Andrey A.","family":"Rosenkranz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics of Intracellular Transport Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences 119334 Moscow"},{"name":"Department of Biophysics Biological Faculty Moscow State University Vorobyevy Gory 119899 Moscow"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vladimir G.","family":"Lunin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics of Intracellular Transport Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences 119334 Moscow"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Gene-Engineering Constructs All-Russia Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences 127550 Moscow"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel V.","family":"Gulak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics of Intracellular Transport Institute of Gene Biology Russian Academy of Sciences 119334 Moscow"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga V.","family":"Sergienko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Gene-Engineering Constructs All-Russia Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences 127550 Moscow"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria A.","family":"Shumiantseva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics Biological Faculty Moscow State University Vorobyevy Gory 119899 Moscow"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga L.","family":"Voronina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Gene-Engineering Constructs All-Russia Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences 127550 Moscow"},{"name":"Laboratory of the Enzyme Systems Bach Institute of Biochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences 119071 Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dinara G.","family":"Gilyazova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics Biological Faculty Moscow State University Vorobyevy Gory 119899 Moscow"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna P.","family":"John","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Signaling Laboratory John Curtin School of Medical Research Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna A.","family":"Kofner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Technology of Fine Organic Chemicals Moscow Academy of Fine Chemical Technology 117571 Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey F.","family":"Mironov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Technology of Fine Organic Chemicals Moscow Academy of Fine Chemical Technology 117571 Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Jans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nuclear Signaling 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