{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T04:17:32Z","timestamp":1789964252429,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]],"date-time":"2003-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1064966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Estrogens and glucocorticoids have opposing effects on the female reproductive tract, but the molecular basis for this antagonism is poorly understood. We therefore examined the biological and transcriptional programs induced by estrogens and glucocorticoids in the uterus of immature female rats. Estradiol 17\u03b2 (E2) rapidly induced morphological changes reminiscent of an acute inflammatory response, including infiltration of eosinophils, edema in the stroma and myometrium, and a decrease in the height of luminal epithelial cells, whereas dexamethasone (Dex) only altered stromal cell morphology. When coadministered with E2, Dex completely blocked the proinflammatory effects of E2. Surprisingly, examination of E2 and Dex effects on gene expression using cDNA microarrays and real\u2010time PCR revealed that these hormones had similar effects on the expression of many genes and that very few genes displayed antagonistic regulation. Together, these results indicate strong discord between the early biologic and genomic actions of estrogens and glucocorticoids and highlight a complex regulatory role for glucocorticoids and GR in the mammalian uterus.\u2014Rhen, T., Grissom, S., Afshari, C., Cidlowski, J. A. Dexamethasone blocks the rapid biological effects of 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol in the rat uterus without antagonizing its global genomic actions.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J.<\/jats:italic>\n                    17, 1849\u20131870 (2003)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.02-1099com","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,30]],"date-time":"2003-09-30T16:45:05Z","timestamp":1064940305000},"page":"1849-1870","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Dexamethasone blocks the rapid biological effects of 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol in the rat uterus without antagonizing its global genomic actions"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Turk","family":"Rhen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Signal Transduction National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health  Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherry","family":"Grissom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Signal Transduction National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health  Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Afshari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Signal Transduction National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health  Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Cidlowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Signal Transduction National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences National Institutes of Health  Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1192\/S0007125000296657","article-title":"Glucocorticoids, transmitters and stress","volume":"15","author":"Delbende C.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry Suppl."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/meta.2002.33184"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/frne.1993.1010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"258","article-title":"Mechanisms accelerating muscle atrophy in catabolic diseases","volume":"111","author":"Mitch W. E.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Clin. Climatol. Assoc."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1012903330944","article-title":"Influence of cortisol status on leptin secretion","volume":"4","author":"Leal-Carro A.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pituitary"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-4328(93)90133-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2001.00601.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","first-page":"457","article-title":"The biochemistry and molecular biology of glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in the immune system","volume":"51","author":"Cidlowski J. A.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Recent Prog. Horm. Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.20.4.435"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.18.1.309"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-129-3-199808010-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-4328(99)00080-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/ror.0.0050105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.21.1.55"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod64.1.163"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2002.00798.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-59-2-165"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-80-3-423"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biolreprod\/22.5.1136"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(81)90164-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1690023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10799898109038796"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","first-page":"491","article-title":"Glucocorticoid receptor in the rat uterus","volume":"31","author":"Izawa M.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Endocrinology (Jpn.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.2001.81.3.1269"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-03-01049.1996","article-title":"Fluctuations in relative levels of choline acetyltransferase mRNA in different regions of the rat basal forebrain across the estrous cycle: effects of estrogen and progesterone","volume":"16","author":"Gibbs R. B.","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","first-page":"730","volume-title":"Cancer Medicine","author":"McKay L. I.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4530(01)00004-X","article-title":"Chronic stress differentially regulates glucocorticoid negative feedback response in rats","volume":"26","author":"Mizoshige K.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-5-2503"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/reprod\/118.2.243"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-6-3064"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/67.2.219"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","first-page":"1215","article-title":"Regulation of DNA replication fork genes by 17beta-estradiol","volume":"16","author":"Lobenhofer E. K.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/12.281504"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod59.5.1143","article-title":"Mutual and intercompartmental regulation of estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor expression in the mouse uterus","volume":"59","author":"Tibbets T. A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10799899109064677"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kinyamu H. K. andArcher T. K.(2003)Estrogen receptordependent proteasomal degradation of the glucocorticoid receptor is coupled to an increase in Mdm2 protein expression.Mol. Cell. Biol.In press","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.23.16.5867-5881.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006676-199604000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi961176"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod60.5.1158","article-title":"Progesterone via its receptor antagonizes the proinflammatory activity of estrogen in the mouse uterus","volume":"60","author":"Tibbets T. A.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI6073"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/30.1.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01262"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01468-6","article-title":"Multiple actions of steroid hormones\u2014a focus on rapid, nongenomic effects","volume":"52","author":"Falkenstein E.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(81)90102-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/5.3.205"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1681.2001.03584.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.97.3.679"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.1988.254.6.E775"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-5793(98)00213-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.10128"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01946.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.2000.01497.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(96)03871-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(97)00126-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0940-9602(96)80089-6","article-title":"Expression of vigilin in the uterus of ovariectomized steroidtreated rats and during the estrous cycle","volume":"178","author":"Rumpel E.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Anat. Anz."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.19.12249"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000055788"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(86)80071-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(94)90282-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod63.5.1513"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-1119(01)00589-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.16.6.0848","article-title":"Overlapping but distinct gene regulation profiles by glucocorticoids and progestins in human breast cancer cells","volume":"16","author":"Wan Y.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1096\/fj.02-1099com","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1096\/fj.02-1099com","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1096\/fj.02-1099com","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T15:50:31Z","timestamp":1761666631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1096\/fj.02-1099com"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1096\/fj.02-1099com"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.02-1099com","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0892-6638","1530-6860"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0892-6638","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-6860","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2002-12-19","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-06-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2003-10-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}