{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T00:21:33Z","timestamp":1791764493423,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]],"date-time":"2004-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1086048000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Brain drain, the international migration of scientists in search of better opportunities, has been a long\u2010standing concern, but quantitative measurements are uncommon and limited to specific countries or disciplines. We need to understand brain drain at a global level and estimate the extent to which scientists born in countries with low opportunities never realize their potential. Data on 1523 of the most highly cited scientists for 1981\u20131999 are analyzed. Overall, 31.9% of these scientists did not reside in the country where they were born (range 18.1\u201354.6% across 21 different scientific fields). There was great variability across developed countries in the proportions of foreign\u2010born resident scientists and emigrating scientists. Countries without a critical mass of native scientists lost most scientists to migration. This loss occurred in both developed and developing countries. Adjusting for population and using the U.S. as reference, the number of highly cited native\u2010born scientists was at least 75% of the expected number in only 8 countries other than the U.S. It is estimated that ~94% of the expected top scientists worldwide have not been able to materialize themselves due to various adverse conditions. Scientific deficit is only likely to help perpetuate these adverse conditions.\u2014Ioannidis, J. P. A. Global estimates of high\u2010level brain drain and deficit.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J.<\/jats:italic>\n                    18, 936\u2013939 (2004)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-1394lfe","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,6,1]],"date-time":"2004-06-01T15:33:18Z","timestamp":1086103998000},"page":"936-939","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Global estimates of high\u2010level brain drain and deficit"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"John P. A.","family":"Ioannidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chairman, Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology University of Ioannina School of Medicine Ioannina Greece"},{"name":"Collaborating Scientist Biomedical Research Institute, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas Ioannina Greece"},{"name":"Adjunct Professor of Medicine, Department of Medicine Tufts University School of Medicine Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1038\/319084a0","article-title":"The brain-drain is here again","volume":"319","author":"Pearson R.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature (London)"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/embo-reports\/kvd041"},{"key":"e_1_2_2_4_1","article-title":"The first world's role in the third world brain drain","volume":"327","author":"Levy L. 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P.","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Transl. 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