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More than a decade of research has shown that implantation of OECs may be a promising therapy for damage to the nervous system, including spinal cord injury. Based on this research, several clinical trials worldwide have been initiated that use autologous transplantation of olfactory tissue containing OECs into the damaged spinal cord of humans. However, research from several laboratories has challenged the widely held belief that OECs are directly responsible for myelinating axons and promoting axon regeneration. The purpose of this review is to provide a working hypothesis that integrates several current ideas regarding the mechanisms of the beneficial effects of OECs. Specifically, OECs promote axon regeneration and functional recovery indirectly by augmenting the endogenous capacity of host Schwann cells to invade the damaged spinal cord. Together with Schwann cells, OECs create a 3\u2010dimensional matrix that provides a permissive microenvironment for successful axon regeneration in the adult mammalian central nervous system.\u2014Boyd, J. G., Doucette, R., Kawaja, M. D. Defining the role of olfactory ensheathing cells in facilitating axon remyelination following damage to the spinal cord.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 19, 694\u2013703 (2005)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.04-2833rev","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,27]],"date-time":"2005-04-27T16:10:37Z","timestamp":1114618237000},"page":"694-703","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":108,"title":["Defining the role of olfactory ensheathing cells in facilitating axon remyelination following damage to the spinal cord"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"J.","family":"Gordon Boyd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Queen's University  Kingston ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronald","family":"Doucette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology University of Saskatchewan  Saskatoon SK Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Kawaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Queen's University  Kingston ON Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(82)90231-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"149","article-title":"The ultrastructure of sheath cells in developing rat vomeronasal nerve","volume":"134","author":"Fraher J. 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