{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T14:09:02Z","timestamp":1791295742437,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,17]],"date-time":"2005-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1132185600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Wi 1722-2\/2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Wi 1722-2\/2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The particular microenvironment of the skeletal muscle can be the site of complex immune reactions. Toll\u2010like receptors (TLRs) mediate inflammatory stimuli from pathogens and endogenous danger signals and link the innate and adaptive immune system. We investigated innate immune responses in human muscle. Analyzing TLR1\u20139 mRNA in cultured myoblasts and rhabdomyosarcoma cells, we found constitutive expression of TLR3. The TLR3 ligand Poly (I:C), a synthetic analog of dsRNA, and IFN\u2010\u03b3 increased TLR3 levels. TLR3 was mainly localized intracellularly and regulated at the protein level. Poly (I:C) challenge\n                    <jats:italic>1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) activated nuclear factor\u2010\u03baB (NF\u2010\u03baB),\n                    <jats:italic>2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) increased IL\u20108 release, and\n                    <jats:italic>3<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) up\u2010regulated NKG2D ligands and NK\u2010cell\u2010mediated lysis of muscle cells. We examined muscle biopsy specimens of 6 HIV patients with inclusion body myositis\/polymyositis (IBM\/PM), 7 cases of sporadic IBM and 9 nonmyopathic controls for TLR3 expression. TLR3 mRNA levels were elevated in biopsy specimens from patients with IBM and HIV\u2010myopathies. Muscle fibers in inflammatory myopathies expressed TLR3 in close proximity of infiltrating mononuclear cells. Taken together, our study suggests an important role of TLR3 in the immunobiology of muscle, and has substantial implications for the understanding of the pathogenesis of inflammatory myopathies or therapeutic interventions like vaccinations or gene transfer.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-4342fje","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,17]],"date-time":"2005-11-17T20:33:59Z","timestamp":1132259639000},"page":"118-120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":77,"title":["Expression of toll\u2010like receptors by human muscle cells in vitro and in vivo: TLR3 is highly expressed in inflammatory and HIV myopathies, mediates IL\u20108 release, and up\u2010regulation of NKG2D\u2010ligands"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Bettina","family":"Schreiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Neurology Hertie\u2010Institute for Clinical Brain Research Eberhard\u2010Karls\u2010University T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Voss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Wischhusen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Neurology Hertie\u2010Institute for Clinical Brain Research Eberhard\u2010Karls\u2010University T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Gynecology University of W\u00fcrzburg, Julius\u2010Maximilians\u2010University W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Dombrowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gynecology University of W\u00fcrzburg, Julius\u2010Maximilians\u2010University W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Steinle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology Institute for Cell Biology, Eberhard\u2010Karls\u2010University T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanns","family":"Lochm\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genzentrum, Friedrich\u2010Baur Institut Department of Neurology Ludwig\u2010Maximilians University  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marinos","family":"Dalakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke National Institutes of Health  Bethesda Maryland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arthur","family":"Melms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Neurology Hertie\u2010Institute for Clinical Brain Research Eberhard\u2010Karls\u2010University T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinz","family":"Wiendl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Neurology Hertie\u2010Institute for Clinical Brain Research Eberhard\u2010Karls\u2010University T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"},{"name":"Department of Neurology University of W\u00fcrzburg, Julius\u2010Maximilians\u2010University W\u00fcrzburg  W\u00fcrzburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(94)90006-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.149.2.661","article-title":"Human myoblasts as antigen\u2010presenting cells","volume":"149","author":"Goebels N.","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","first-page":"1026","volume":"126","author":"Wiendl H.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Muscle fibers and cultured muscle cells express the B7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.4.1630"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141126"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1396"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/90609"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35099560"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","author":"Kariko K.","year":"2004","journal-title":"mRNA is an endogenous ligand for Toll\u2010like receptor 3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-291X(02)00380-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.171.6.3154"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400525101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.11.5998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.1.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.2.588"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2004.09.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.12.7010-7017.2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.3.1699"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1531-8249(200010)48:4<679::AID-ANA19>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/0008-8749(92)90322-G","article-title":"Role of the production of natural killer cell stimulatory factor (NKSF\/IL\u201012) in the ability of B cell lines to stimulate T and NK cell proliferation","volume":"45","author":"Valiante N. M.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","author":"Welte S. A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Selective intracellular retention of virally induced NKG2D ligands by the human cytomegalovirus UL16 glycoprotein"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1759(00)00329-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80984-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81375-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.2.992"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03500.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2003.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1471-4892(01)00053-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh115"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.8.5056"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","author":"Akira S.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toll\u2010like receptor signalling"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-5699(00)01672-8","article-title":"Chemokines in inflammation and immunity","volume":"21","author":"Baggiolini M.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","author":"De Bleecker J. L.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Expression of cell adhesion molecules in inflammatory myopathies and Duchenne dystrophy"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(95)00045-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.1.65"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/124.2.341"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(95)00122-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199603000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.55.12.1509"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/84219"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199802123380706"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(00)00096-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","author":"De Bleecker J. L.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Differential expression of chemokines in inflammatory myopathies"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmd.2004.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(03)00218-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.12.6593"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1199"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002510100325"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(01)00095-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20022059"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199111213252107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody analysis of mononuclear cells in myopathies","volume":"16","author":"Arahata K","year":"1984","journal-title":"I: Quantitation of subsets according to diagnosis and sites of accumulation and demonstration and counts of muscle fibers invaded by T cells. Ann. Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002281-199711000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0039fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/85321"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","first-page":"8996","article-title":"MICA\/NKG2D\u2010mediated immunogene therapy of experimental gliomas","volume":"63","author":"Friese M. A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14368-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.5.1033"}],"container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1096\/fj.05-4342fje","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1096\/fj.05-4342fje","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1096\/fj.05-4342fje","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T16:04:51Z","timestamp":1761667491000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1096\/fj.05-4342fje"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,17]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1096\/fj.05-4342fje"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.05-4342fje","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0892-6638","1530-6860"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0892-6638","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-6860","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2005-05-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-10-03","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2005-11-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}