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TNF\u03b1, a key regulator of inflammatory responses, may exert critical influence on the development of restenosis after PCI. The GENetic DEterminants of Restenosis (GENDER) project included 3104 patients who underwent a successful PCI. Systematic genotyping for six polymorphisms in the TNF\u03b1 gene was performed. The role of TNF\u03b1 in restenosis was also assessed in ApoE*3\u2010Leiden mice, TNF\u03b1 knockout mice, and by local delivery of a TNF\u03b1 biosynthesis inhibitor, thalidomide. The \u2212238G\u20101031T haplotype of the TNF\u03b1 gene increased clinical and angiographic risk of restenosis (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.02 and\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.002, respectively). In a mouse model of reactive stenosis, arterial TNF\u03b1 mRNA was significantly time\u2010dependently up\u2010regulated. Mice lacking TNF\u03b1 or treated locally with thalidomide showed a reduction in reactive stenosis (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.01 and\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.005, respectively). Clinical and preclinical data indicate that TNF\u03b1 plays an important role in restenosis. Therefore, TNF\u03b1 genotype may be used as a risk marker for restenosis and may contribute to individual patient screening prior to PCI in clinical practice. Inhibition of TNF\u03b1 may be an anti\u2010restenotic target strategy.\u2014Monraats, P. S., Pires, N. M. M., Schepers, A., Agema, W. R. P., Boesten, L. S. M., deVries, M. R., Zwinderman, A. H., deMaat, M. P. M., Doevendans, P. A. F. M., deWinter, R. J., Tio, R. A., Waltenberger, J., 'tHart, L. M., Frants, R. R., Quax, P. H. A., van, Vlijmen, B. J. M., Havekes, L. M., van derLaarse, A., van derWall, E. E., Jukema, J. W. Tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 plays an important role in restenosis development.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J.<\/jats:italic>\n                    19, 1998\u20132004 (2005)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-4634com","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,11,30]],"date-time":"2005-11-30T18:58:43Z","timestamp":1133377123000},"page":"1998-2004","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 plays an important role in restenosis development"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Pascalle S.","family":"Monraats","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Leiden University Medical Center  The Netherlands"},{"name":"Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of The Netherlands (ICIN)  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuno M. M.","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Leiden University Medical Center  The Netherlands"},{"name":"Gaubius Laboratory TNO\u2010Quality of Life  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abbey","family":"Schepers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Leiden University Medical Center  The Netherlands"},{"name":"Gaubius Laboratory TNO\u2010Quality of Life  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willem R. P.","family":"Agema","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Leiden University Medical Center  The Netherlands"},{"name":"Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of The Netherlands (ICIN)  Utrecht The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianne S. M.","family":"Boesten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Internal Medicine Leiden University Medical Center  The Netherlands"},{"name":"Gaubius Laboratory TNO\u2010Quality of Life  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margreet R.","family":"de Vries","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gaubius Laboratory TNO\u2010Quality of Life  Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aeilko H.","family":"Zwinderman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics Academic Medical Center  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moniek P. M.","family":"de Maat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology Erasmus University Medical Center  Rotterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pieter A. F. M.","family":"Doevendans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology University Medical Center Utrecht  The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robbert J.","family":"de Winter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Academic Medical Center  Amsterdam The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00e9 A.","family":"Tio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Academic Hospital Groningen  The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Waltenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Academic Hospital Maastricht  The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leen M.","family":"'t Hart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology Leiden University Medical Center  The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rune R.","family":"Frants","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics Center for Human and Clinical Genetics Leiden University Medical Center  The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul H. 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