{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T02:16:59Z","timestamp":1791771419398,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]],"date-time":"2006-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1164931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["S19967"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S19967"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Background: Extravillous trophoblast cell (EVT) invasion of decidua and inner third of the myometrium is critical for a successful pregnancy. Many decidual factors are likely to play a role in regulating this process, including uterine natural killer (uNK) cell\u2010derived cytokines. Hypotheses:\n                    <jats:italic>1)<\/jats:italic>\n                    uNK cells are a major source of IFN gamma (IFN\u2010\u03b3) and\n                    <jats:italic>2)<\/jats:italic>\n                    IFN\u2010\u03b3 inhibits EVT invasion via an increase in EVT apoptosis and\/or a decrease in active protease levels. Methods: Total decidual and uNK cells from 8\u201310 wk and 12\u201314 wk gestational age were cultured. IFN\u2010\u03b3 mRNA (real\u2010time RT\u2010polymerase chain reaction) and protein levels (FastQuant multicytokine analysis) were determined. EVT invasion in the presence of IFN\u2010\u03b3 or anti\u2010IFN\u2010\u03b3\u2010neutralizing antibodies was assessed. Trophoblast apoptosis and proliferation was assessed in explants by immunohistochemistry for M30 and Ki67. Substrate zymography was performed to determine levels of secreted MMP2, MMP9, and uPA. Results: mRNA and protein for IFN\u2010\u03b3 was detected in both total decidual and uNK cell fractions. Trophoblast invasion was inhibited by IFN\u2010\u03b3. The level of M30\u2010positive EVT was increased in the presence of IFN\u2010\u03b3 whereas levels of secreted MMP2 were decreased. Conclusions: uNK cells are a source of IFN\u2010\u03b3 within early human pregnancy decidua. Mechanisms of IFN\u2010\u03b3 inhibition of EVT invasion include both increased EVT apoptosis and reduced levels of active proteases.\u2014Lash, G. E., Otun, H. A., Innes, B. A., Kirkley, M., De Oliveira, L., Searle, R. F., Robson, S. C., Bulmer, J. N. Interferon\u2010\u03b3 inhibits extravillous trophoblast cell invasion by a mechanism that involves both changes in apoptosis and protease levels.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J.<\/jats:italic>\n                    20, 2512\u20132518 (2006)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6616com","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,12,1]],"date-time":"2006-12-01T18:52:49Z","timestamp":1164999169000},"page":"2512-2518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":133,"title":["Interferon\u2010\u03b3 inhibits extravillous trophoblast cell invasion by a mechanism that involves both changes in apoptosis and protease levels"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Gendie E.","family":"Lash","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Schools of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry A.","family":"Otun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schools of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara A.","family":"Innes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schools of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Kirkley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schools of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandro","family":"De Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schools of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roger F.","family":"Searle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Education Development University of Newcastle upon Tyne Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen C.","family":"Robson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schools of Surgical and Reproductive Sciences Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith N.","family":"Bulmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Laboratory Sciences Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143-4004(80)80012-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700930218"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1927"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1991.tb13450.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1986.tb07830.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/6.6.535"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/plac.1999.0427"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.105.040337"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","article-title":"Inhibition of first trimester human extravillous trophoblast invasion by TNF\u2010 and IFN\u2010","author":"Otun H. 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