{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:17:31Z","timestamp":1791245851213,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,5]],"date-time":"2007-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1175731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,5]],"date-time":"2007-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1175731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009634","name":"Susan G. Komen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BCTR 050447"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BCTR 050447"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009634","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    There is now considerable evidence that using a combination of synthetic progestins and estro\u2010gens in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increases the risk of breast cancer compared with estrogen alone. Furthermore, the World Health Organization has recently cited combination contraceptives, which contain synthetic progestins, as potentially carcinogenic to humans, particularly for increased breast cancer risk. Given the above observations and the current trend toward progestin\u2010only contraception, it is important that we have a comprehensive understanding of how progestins act in the millions of women worldwide who regularly take these medications. While synthetic progestins, such as medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), which are currently used in both HRT and oral contraceptives were designed to act exclusively through the progesterone receptor, it is clear from both clinical and experimental settings that their effects may be medi\u2010ated, in part, by binding to the androgen receptor (AR). Disruption of androgen action by synthetic progestins may have serious deleterious side effects in the breast, where the balance between estrogen signaling and androgen signaling plays a critical role in breast ho\u2010meostasis. Here, we review the role of androgen signaling in the normal breast and in breast cancer and present new data demonstrating that androgen receptor function can be perturbed by low doses of MPA, similar to doses achieved in serum of women taking HRT. We propose that the observed excess of breast malignancies associated with combined HRT may be explained, in part, by synthetic progestins such as MPA acting as endocrine disruptors to negate the protective effects of androgen signaling in the breast. Understanding the role of androgen signaling in the breast and how this is modulated by synthetic progestins is necessary to determine how combined HRT alters breast cancer risk, and to inform the development of optimal preventive and treatment strategies for this disease.\u2014Birrell, S. N., Butler, L. M., Harris, J. M., Buchanan, G., and Tilley, W. D. Disruption of androgen receptor signaling by synthetic progestins may increase risk of developing breast cancer.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J.<\/jats:italic>\n                    21, 2285\u20132293 (2007)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-7518com","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,5]],"date-time":"2007-04-05T21:09:42Z","timestamp":1175807382000},"page":"2285-2293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Disruption of androgen receptor signaling by synthetic progestins may increase risk of developing breast cancer"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Stephen N.","family":"Birrell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories The University of Adelaide Hanson Institute Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa M.","family":"Butler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories The University of Adelaide Hanson Institute Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science Queensland University of Technology Brisbane Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grant","family":"Buchanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories The University of Adelaide Hanson Institute Adelaide South Australia Australia"},{"name":"Departments of Urology and Preventive Medicine University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine Norris Cancer Center Los Angeles CA 90033 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wayne D.","family":"Tilley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dame Roma Mitchell Cancer Research Laboratories The University of Adelaide Hanson Institute Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(05)70273-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.289.24.3243"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2005.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","article-title":"A critique of Women's Health Initiative Studies (2002-2006) (Online)","volume":"4","author":"Clark J. H.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucl. Recept. Signal."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","first-page":"319","article-title":"Is the elevated breast cancer risk observed in the WHI study an artifact?","volume":"7","author":"Kuhl H.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Climacteric."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602617"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi028"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.gme.0000184221.63459.e1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2004.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-3077"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(99)00109-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","first-page":"3763","article-title":"Dexametha-sone and medroxyprogesterone acetate elevate Nm23-H1 metastasis suppressor gene expression in metastatic human breast carcinoma cells: new uses for old compounds","volume":"9","author":"Ouatas T.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. CancerRes."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr79"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.seminoncol.2004.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025952924864"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.18.4.502"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2003.09.014","article-title":"Classification and pharmacology of progestins","volume":"1","author":"Schindler A. E.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Maturitas. 46. Suppl."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2005.08.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmi002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bse0400105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2004.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(03)00138-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(00)00122-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(96)70379-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2005.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2003.00055.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19990505)81:3<339::AID-IJC5>3.0.CO;2-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/cmt.5.4.332.340"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.20710"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.99-0863com"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-006-9276-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018730519839"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","first-page":"433","article-title":"Androgens and androgen receptor: do they play a role in breast cancer?","volume":"6","author":"Brys M.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(01)00185-6","article-title":"Roles ofandrogens in the development, growth, and carcinogenesis of the mammary gland","volume":"20","author":"Liao D. J.","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02389545"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-0031"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(94)90056-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_43_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Extragonadal synthesis of sex steroids: intra-crinology","volume":"64","author":"Labrie F.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Endocrinol. (Paris)."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031233"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.11532"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/39.7.1865110"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/42.8.8027537"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-002-0683-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(95)00005-K"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_50_1","first-page":"5722","article-title":"Androgen sensitivity of the new human breast cancer cell line MFM-223","volume":"51","author":"Hackenberg R.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_51_1","first-page":"2797","article-title":"Inhibition of cell cycle kinetics and proliferation by the androgen 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone and antiestrogen N, n-butyl-N-methyl-11-[16\u2032 alpha-chloro-3\u2032,17 beta-dihydroxy-es-tra-1\u2032,3\u2032,5\u2032-(10\u2032)triene-7\u2032 alpha-yl] undecanamide in human breast cancer ZR-75-1 cells","volume":"51","author":"De Launoit Y.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.0.0320793"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_53_1","first-page":"3131","article-title":"Additive inhibitory effects of an androgen and the antiestrogen EM-170 on estradiol-stimulated growth of human ZR-75-1 breast tumors in athymic mice","volume":"51","author":"Dauvois S.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/gye.16.2.113.120"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-0760(99)00069-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_56_1","first-page":"416","article-title":"Androgens down-regulate bcl-2 protooncogene expression in ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells","volume":"140","author":"Lapointe J.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-98-2-139"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19910215)67:4<886::AID-CNCR2820670405>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_59_1","first-page":"7162","article-title":"Improved measurement of androgen receptors in human breast cancer","volume":"49","author":"Lea O. A.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1996.513"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-8049(96)00112-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2559.2003.01542.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-005-0003-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/42F00D0DJD0J5EDT"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-006-0213-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2005.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.11607"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdp.2003.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110241"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_70_1","first-page":"1045","article-title":"The androgen receptor CAG repeat polymorphism and risk of breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Study","volume":"62","author":"Haiman C. A.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2001.1777"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3835(01)00473-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/91.11.961"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-8049(99)00310-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/20.11.2131"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr971"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0310"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr1602"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_79_1","first-page":"5869","article-title":"Short polyglutamine tracts in the androgen receptor are protective against breast cancer in the general population","volume":"61","author":"Giguere Y.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_80_1","first-page":"848","article-title":"Androgen receptor gene polymorphism and breast cancer susceptibility in The Philippines","volume":"12","author":"Liede A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_81_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Androgen receptor (CAG)n and (GGC)n polymorphisms and breast cancer risk in a population-based case-control study of young women","volume":"12","author":"Suter N. M.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cancer. Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_82_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Microsatellite profile in hormonal receptor genes associated with breast cancer","author":"Iobagiu C.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006356502820"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejhg.5200880"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.39.1.30"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/302366"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-03-2887","article-title":"Polymorphism in the androgen receptor and mammographic density in women taking and not taking estrogen and progestin therapy","volume":"64","author":"Lillie E. O.","year":"2004","journal-title":"CancerRes."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021112121782"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2133","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.2133.13.12","article-title":"Short tandem repeat polymorphism and cancer risk: influence of laboratory analysis on epidemiologic findings","volume":"13","author":"Tran N.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1136\/jmg.2005.032433","article-title":"High incidence of skewed X chromosome inactivation in young patients with familial non-BRCA1\/BRCA2 breast cancer","volume":"42","author":"Kristiansen M.","year":"2005","journal-title":"JMed Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-125-1-392"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0303-7207(00)00279-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)02979-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042192-200007040-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2003-0016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_96_1","article-title":"Should testosterone be added to estrogen-progestin therapy for breast protection?","author":"Burger H. G.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1354"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.171174298"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_99_1","first-page":"5946","article-title":"Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCAI) is a coacti-vator of the androgen receptor","volume":"60","author":"Park J. J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.190353897"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.1995.13.7.1572"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_102_1","first-page":"2557","article-title":"Estrogen, androgen, glu-cocorticoid, and progesterone receptors in progestin-induced regression of human breast cancer","volume":"40","author":"Teulings F. A.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00689836"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.081565498"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1036","DOI":"10.1186\/bcr1340","article-title":"The progestational and androgenic properties of medroxyprogesterone acetate: gene regulatory overlap with dihydrotestosterone in breast cancer cells","volume":"7","author":"Ghatge R. P.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Breast. Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.13.3.0255"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/mend.14.8.0497"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M107492200"}],"container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1096\/fj.06-7518com","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1096\/fj.06-7518com","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1096\/fj.06-7518com","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T10:08:54Z","timestamp":1776074934000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1096\/fj.06-7518com"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,5]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1096\/fj.06-7518com"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.06-7518com","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0892-6638","1530-6860"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0892-6638","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-6860","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2006-10-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-03-01","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2007-04-05","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}