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Premenopausal women are relatively resistant to choline deficiency compared with postmenopausal women and men. Studies in animals suggest that estrogen treatment can increase PEMT activity. In this study we investigated whether the\n                    <jats:italic>PEMT<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene is regulated by estrogen.\n                    <jats:italic>PEMT<\/jats:italic>\n                    transcription was increased in a dose\u2010dependent manner when primary mouse and human hepatocytes were treated with 17\u2010\u03b2\u2010estradiol for 24 h. This increased message was associated with an increase in protein expression and enzyme activity. In addition, we report a region that contains a perfect estrogen response element (ERE) ~7.5 kb from the transcription start site corresponding to transcript variants NM_007169 and NM\u2010008819 of the human and murine\n                    <jats:italic>PEMT<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes, respectively, three imperfect EREs in evolutionarily conserved regions and multiple imperfect EREs in nonconserved regions in the putative promoter regions. We predict that both the mouse and human\n                    <jats:italic>PEMT<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes have three unique transcription start sites, which are indicative of either multiple promoters and\/or alternative splicing. This study is the first to explore the underlying mechanism of why dietary requirements for choline vary with estrogen status in humans.\u2014Resseguie M., Song, J., Niculescu, M. D., da Costa K., Randall, T. A., Zeisel S. H. Phosphatidylethanolamine\n                    <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010methyltrans\u2010ferase\n                    <jats:italic>(PEMT)<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene expression is induced by estrogen in human and mouse primary hepatocytes.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J.<\/jats:italic>\n                    21, 2622\u20132632 (2007)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-8227com","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,24]],"date-time":"2007-04-24T22:23:29Z","timestamp":1177453409000},"page":"2622-2632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":227,"title":["Phosphatidylethanolamine\n                    <i>N<\/i>\n                    \u2010methyltransferase\n                    <i>(PEMT)<\/i>\n                    gene expression is induced by estrogen in human and mouse primary hepatocytes"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Mary","family":"Resseguie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition School of Public Health and School of Medicine University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiannan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition School of Public Health and School of Medicine University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mihai D.","family":"Niculescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition School of Public Health and School of Medicine University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kerry-Ann","family":"da Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition School of Public Health and School of Medicine University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas A.","family":"Randall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bioinformatics University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven H.","family":"Zeisel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition School of Public Health and School of Medicine University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"},{"name":"Nutrition Research Institute University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"390","volume-title":"Dietary Reference Intakes for Folate, Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B12, Panthothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline","author":"Institute of Medicine, and National Academy of Sciences USA.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111156"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-3806(98)00183-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/133.11.3614"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0877fje"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0145-6_21"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0149-7634(03)00069-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1053","article-title":"Inhibitors ofcholine uptake and metabolism cause developmental abnormalities in neurulating mouse embryos","volume":"64","author":"Fisher M. 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