{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T15:24:00Z","timestamp":1790522640186,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,6]],"date-time":"2007-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1183680000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012415","name":"Biomedical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R154-000-172-305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R154-000-172-305"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012415","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001348","name":"Agency for Science, Technology and Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001348","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2007,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Snake venoms have provided a number of novel ligands with therapeutic potential. We have constructed a partial cDNA library from the mRNA of\n                    <jats:italic>Ophiophagus hannah<\/jats:italic>\n                    (king cobra) venom gland tissue and identified five new genes encoding proteins belonging to the three\u2010finger toxin family of snake venom proteins. We have isolated and characterized one of these \u03b2\u2010sheet containing proteins with a mass of 7012.43 \u00b1 0.91 Da from the venom. The protein was nonlethal up to a dose of 10 mg\/kg when injected intraperitoneally into Swiss albino mice. However, it induces labored breathing and death at a dose of 100 mg\/kg. It does not show any hemolytic or anticoagulant activity. It caused a dose\u2010dependent decrease of heart rate\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    (anesthetized Sprague\u2010Dawley rats) and also\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Langendorff isolated rat heart). This is in contrast to classical cardiotoxins from snake venom that increase the heart rate in animals. Radioligand displacement studies showed that this protein targets \u03b2\u2010adrenergic receptors with a binding affinity (K\n                    <jats:sub>i<\/jats:sub>\n                    )of 5.3 and 2.3 \u03bcM toward \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and \u03b2\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    subtypes, respectively, to bring about its effect, and hence, it was named as \u03b2\u2010cardiotoxin. This is the first report of a natural exogenous beta\u2010blocker.\u2014Rajagopalan, N., Pung, Y. F., Zhu, Y. Z., Wong, P. T. H., Kumar, P. P., Kini, R. M. \u03b2\u2010Cardiotoxin: a new three\u2010finger toxin from Ophiophagus hannah (king cobra) venom with beta\u2010blocker activity.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J.<\/jats:italic>\n                    21, 3685\u20133695 (2007)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.07-8658com","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,6]],"date-time":"2007-07-06T20:40:36Z","timestamp":1183754436000},"page":"3685-3695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["\u03b2\u2010Cardiotoxin: a new three\u2010finger toxin from\n                    <i>Ophiophagus hannah<\/i>\n                    (king cobra) venom with beta\u2010blocker activity"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Nandhakishore","family":"Rajagopalan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science National University of Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuh Fen","family":"Pung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science National University of Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi Zhun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Tsun Hon","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine National University of Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prakash P.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science National University of Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory National University of Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Manjunatha","family":"Kini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences Faculty of Science National University of Singapore Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Medical College of Virginia Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond Virginia USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Snake Toxins","author":"Hider R. 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