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Our aim was to ameliorate the current 100\u2010kDa horse plasma antivenom serum (PAS)\u2010derived Fab\u2032\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    to more quickly reach the highly diffusible scorpion toxins (7 kDa). We immunized dromedaries with toxins from\n                    <jats:italic>Androctonus australis hector<\/jats:italic>\n                    (Aah) scorpions and cloned the single\u2010domain antibody fragments or nanobodies (15 kDa) from their B cells. Nanobodies against AahI\u2032 toxin (with AahII the most toxic compound of the venom) were retrieved from the libraries, and their AahI\u2032 \u2010toxin neutralization was monitored in mice. Remarkably, the NbAahI\u2032 F12 fully protected mice against 100 LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of AahI\u2032 administered intracerebroventricularly. Moreover, where PAS failed completely to neutralize 2 LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    of crude venom injected subcutaneously, the designed bispecific NbF12\u201010 against AahI\u2032\/AahII toxins succeeded in neutralizing 5 LD\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Finally, in a challenge assay in which mice were subcutaneously injected with a lethal dose of scorpion venom, the subsequent intravenous injection of 85 \u03bcg of NbF12\u201010 protected all mice, even if the whole procedure was repeated 3 times. Furthermore, the NbF12\u201010 remained fully protective when mice with severe signs of envenoming were treated a few minutes before the untreated mice died.\u2014Hmila, I., Saerens, D., Ben Abderrazek, R., Vincke, C., Abidi, N., Benlasfar, Z., Govaert, J., El Ayeb, M., Bouhaouala\u2010Zahar, B., Muyldermans, S. A bispecific nanobody to provide full protection against lethal scorpion envenoming.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 24, 3479\u20133489 (2010).\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fasebj.org\">www.fasebj.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-148213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,21]],"date-time":"2010-04-21T22:46:30Z","timestamp":1271889990000},"page":"3479-3489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["A bispecific nanobody to provide full protection against lethal scorpion envenoming"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Issam","family":"Hmila","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines Institut Pasteur de Tunis  Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dirk","family":"Saerens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VIB)  Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Interactions Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VIB)  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rahma Ben","family":"Abderrazek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines Institut Pasteur de Tunis  Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9cile","family":"Vincke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VIB)  Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Interactions Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VIB)  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naima","family":"Abidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines Institut Pasteur de Tunis  Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zakaria","family":"Benlasfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service des Unit\u00e9s Animali\u00e8res Institut Pasteur de Tunis  Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Govaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VIB)  Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Interactions Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VIB)  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed El","family":"Ayeb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines Institut Pasteur de Tunis  Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balkiss","family":"Bouhaouala\u2010Zahar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines Institut Pasteur de Tunis  Tunis Tunisia"},{"name":"Facult\u00e9 de M\u00e9decine de Tunis Universit\u00e9 de Tunis\u2013El Manar  Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Muyldermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VIB)  Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Interactions Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VIB)  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"755","article-title":"Polymorphism and quantitative variations of toxins in the venom of the scorpion","volume":"23","author":"El Ayeb M.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Androctonus australis Hector. 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