{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:31:42Z","timestamp":1774265502363,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,8]],"date-time":"2010-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,8]],"date-time":"2010-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1283904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK035566"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK035566"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The hypothalamus\u2010pituitary\u2010thyroid (HPT) axis is an integrated hormone network that is essential for maintaining metabolic homeostasis. It has long been known that thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), a central component of the HPT axis, can be made by cells of the immune system; however, the role of immune system TSH remains enigmatic and most studies have viewed it as a cytokine used to regulate immune function. Recent studies now indicate that immune system\u2010derived TSH, in particular, a splice variant of TSH\u03b2 that is preferentially made by cells of the immune system, is produced by a subset of hematopoietic cells that traffic to the thyroid. On the basis of these and other findings, we propose the novel hypothesis that the immune system is an active participant in the regulation of basal metabolism. We further speculate that this process plays a critical role during acute and chronic infections and that it contributes to a wide range of chronic inflammatory conditions with links to thyroid dysregulation. This hypothesis, which is amenable to empirical analysis, defines a previously unknown role for the immune system in health and disease, and it provides a dynamic connection between immune\u2010endocrine interactions at the organismic level.\u2014Schaefer, J. S., Klein, J. R. Immunological regulation of metabolism\u2014a novel quintessential role for the immune system in health and disease.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J.<\/jats:italic>\n                    25, 29\u201334 (2011).\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fasebj.org\">www.fasebj.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.10-168203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,8]],"date-time":"2010-09-08T21:03:20Z","timestamp":1283979800000},"page":"29-34","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Immunological regulation of metabolism\u2014a novel quintessential role for the immune system in health and disease"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jeremy S.","family":"Schaefer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Sciences Dental Branch University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John R.","family":"Klein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Sciences Dental Branch University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Houston Texas USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-7207(89)90150-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"181","article-title":"Role of leukocyte\u2010derived pro\u2010opio\u2010melanocortin peptides in endotoxic shock","volume":"35","author":"Harbour D. 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