{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T23:40:37Z","timestamp":1779147637679,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,16]],"date-time":"2011-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1308182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a major cause of septicemia and meningitis. The hypervirulent clonal complex 41\/44 (cc41\/44) has emerged as the predominant cause of serogroup B meningococcal disease, having been responsible for recent outbreaks and epidemics worldwide. However, the meningococcal factors that enable transition from asymptomatic carriage to rapidly progressing disease are poorly understood. Here we describe a novel phase\u2010variable DNA methyltransferase, ModD, which was identified in the genome sequence of a New Zealand epidemic isolate. Investigation of the distribution of\n                    <jats:italic>modD<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the wider meningococcal population, by PCR and sequence analysis of genetically diverse\n                    <jats:italic>N. meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains, revealed the presence of\n                    <jats:italic>modD<\/jats:italic>\n                    in 20\/27 strains in cc41\/44, but in only 2\/47 strains from other clonal complexes, indicating a significant association of\n                    <jats:italic>modD<\/jats:italic>\n                    with cc41\/44 (Fisher's exact\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    value=3 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    0). The\n                    <jats:italic>modD<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene contains 5'ACCGA\u20103' repeats that mediate phase variation, leading to reversible on\/off switching of\n                    <jats:italic>modD<\/jats:italic>\n                    expression. Microarray analysis of\n                    <jats:italic>modD\u2010on\/o<\/jats:italic>\n                    ff variants revealed that ModD regulates expression of multiple genes involved in colonization, infection, and protection against host defenses, with increased catalase expression in the\n                    <jats:italic>modD<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010on variant conferring increased resistance to oxidative stress. The modulation of gene expression\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    the ModD phase\u2010variable regulon (phasevarion), and its significant association with the cc41\/44, suggest a role in the fitness and\/or pathogenesis of strains belonging to the cc41\/44.\u2014Seib, K. L., Pigozzi, E., Muzzi, A., Gawthorne, J. A., Delany, I., Jennings, M. P., Rappuoli, R A novel epigenetic regulator associated with the hypervirulent\n                    <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>\n                    clonal complex 41\/44.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J.<\/jats:italic>\n                    25, 3622\u20133633 (2011).\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fasebj.org\">www.fasebj.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-183590","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,17]],"date-time":"2011-06-17T17:56:55Z","timestamp":1308333415000},"page":"3622-3633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["A novel epigenetic regulator associated with the hypervirulent\n                    <i>Neisseria meningitidis<\/i>\n                    clonal complex 41\/44"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Kate L.","family":"Seib","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines  Siena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Pigozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines  Siena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Muzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines  Siena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jayde A.","family":"Gawthorne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Glycomics Griffith University  Gold Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Delany","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines  Siena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Glycomics Griffith University  Gold Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rino","family":"Rappuoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Novartis Vaccines  Siena Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61016-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2008.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-10-175","article-title":"The elusive meningococcal meningitis serogroup: a systematic review of serogroup B epidemiology","volume":"10","author":"Racloz V. 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