{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:24:39Z","timestamp":1791217479477,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,27]],"date-time":"2011-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1324944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    To investigate the effects of the predominant nonprotein thiol, glutathione (GSH), on redox homeostasis, we employed complementary pharmacological and genetic strategies to determine the consequences of both loss\u2010 and gain\u2010of\u2010function GSH content\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We monitored the redox events in the cytosol and mitochondria using reduction\u2010oxidation sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP) probes and the level of reduced\/oxidized thioredoxins (Trxs). Either H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    or the Trx reductase inhibitor 1\u2010chloro\u20102,4\u2010dinitrobenzene (DNCB), in embryonic rat heart (H9c2) cells, evoked 8 or 50 mV more oxidizing glutathione redox potential,\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>hc<\/jats:sub>\n                    (GSSG\/2GSH), respectively. In contrast,\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010acetyl\u2010L\u2010cysteine (NAC) treatment in H9c2 cells, or overexpression of either the glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) catalytic subunit (GCLC) or GCL modifier subunit (GCLM) in human embryonic kidney 293 T (HEK293T) cells, led to 3\u2010 to 4\u2010fold increase of GSH and caused 7 or 12 mV more reducing\n                    <jats:italic>E<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>hc<\/jats:sub>\n                    , respectively. This condition paradoxically increased the level of mitochondrial oxidation, as demonstrated by redox shifts in mitochondrial roGFP and Trx2. Lastly, either NAC treatment (EC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    4 mM) or either GCLC or GCLM overexpression exhibited increased cytotoxicity and the susceptibility to the more reducing milieu was achieved at decreased levels of ROS. Taken together, our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which GSH\u2010dependent reductive stress triggers mitochondrial oxidation and cytotoxicity.\u2014Zhang, H., Limphong, P., Pieper, J., Liu, Q., Rodesch, C. K., Christians, E., Benjamin, I. J. Glutathione\u2010dependent reductive stress triggers mitochondrial oxidation and cytotoxicity.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J.<\/jats:italic>\n                    26, 1442\u20131451 (2012).\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fasebj.org\">www.fasebj.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-199869","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,27]],"date-time":"2011-12-27T21:54:04Z","timestamp":1325022844000},"page":"1442-1451","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":178,"title":["Glutathione\u2010dependent reductive stress triggers mitochondrial oxidation and cytotoxicity"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Huali","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cardiac Disease, Redox Signaling, and Cell Regeneration Division of Cardiology University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pattraranee","family":"Limphong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cardiac Disease, Redox Signaling, and Cell Regeneration Division of Cardiology University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Pieper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cardiac Disease, Redox Signaling, and Cell Regeneration Division of Cardiology University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cardiac Disease, Redox Signaling, and Cell Regeneration Division of Cardiology University of Utah School of Medicine Salt Lake City Utah 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