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The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that mesenteric arteries and veins will exhibit diminished vasoconstrictor responses after spaceflight. Mesenteric arteries and veins from female mice flown on the Space Transportation System (STS)\u2010131 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =11), STS\u2010133 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =6), and STS\u2010135 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =3) shuttle missions and respective ground\u2010based control mice (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =30) were isolated for\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    experimentation. Vasoconstrictor responses were evoked in arteries\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    norepinephrine (NE), potassium chloride (KCl), and caffeine, and in veins through NE across a range of intraluminal pressures (2\u201312 cmH\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O). Vasoconstriction to NE was also determined in mesenteric arteries at 1, 5, and 7 d postlanding. In arteries, maximal constriction to NE, KCl, and caffeine were reduced immediately following spaceflight and 1 d postflight. Spaceflight also reduced arterial ryanodine receptor\u20103 mRNA levels. In mesenteric veins, there was diminished constriction to NE after flight. The results indicate that the impaired vasoconstriction following spaceflight occurs through the ryanodine receptor\u2010mediated intracellular Ca\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    release mechanism. Such vascular changes in astronauts could compromise the maintenance of arterial pressure during orthostatic stress.\u2014Behnke, B. J., Stabley, J. N., McCullough, D. J., Davis, R. T., III, Dominguez, J. M., II, Muller\u2010Delp, J. M., Delp, M. D. Effects of spaceflight and ground recovery on mesenteric artery and vein constrictor properties in mice.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J.<\/jats:italic>\n                    27, 399\u2013409 (2013).\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fasebj.org\">www.fasebj.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-218503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,25]],"date-time":"2012-10-25T23:53:24Z","timestamp":1351209204000},"page":"399-409","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Effects of spaceflight and ground recovery on mesenteric artery and vein constrictor properties in mice"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Bradley J.","family":"Behnke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Center for Exercise Science University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John N.","family":"Stabley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Center for Exercise Science University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle J.","family":"McCullough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Center for Exercise Science University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert T. Davis","family":"III","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Center for Exercise Science University of Florida Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James M. 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