{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T10:13:02Z","timestamp":1790676782917,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,6]],"date-time":"2013-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1375747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The gram\u2010negative anaerobe\n                    <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonizes the gingival crevice and is etiologically associated with periodontal disease that can lead to alveolar bone damage and resorption, promoting tooth loss. Although susceptible to antibiotics,\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    can evade antibiotic killing by residing within gingival keratinocytes. This provides a reservoir of organisms that may recolonize the gingival crevice once antibiotic therapy is complete. Polymersomes are nanosized amphiphilic block copolymer vesicles that can encapsulate drugs. Cells internalize polymersomes by endocytosis into early endosomes, where they are disassembled by the low pH, causing intracellular release of their drug load. In this study, polymersomes were used as vehicles to deliver antibiotics in an attempt to kill intracellular\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    within monolayers of keratinocytes and organotypic oral mucosal models. Polymersome\u2010encapsulated metronidazole or doxycycline, free metronidazole, or doxycycline, or polymersomes alone as controls, were used, and the number of surviving intracellular\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    was quantified after host cell lysis. Polymersome\u2010encapsulated metronidazole or doxycycline significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.05) reduced the number of intracellular\n                    <jats:italic>P. gingivalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    in both monolayer and organotypic cultures compared to free antibiotic or polymersome alone controls. Polymersomes are effective delivery vehicles for antibiotics that do not normally gain entry to host cells. This approach could be used to treat recurrent periodontitis or other diseases caused by intra\u2010cellular\u2010dwelling organisms.\u2014Wayakanon, K., Thornhill, M. H., Douglas, C. W. I., Lewis, A. L., Warren, N. J., Pinnock, A., Armes, S. P., Battaglia, G., Murdoch, C. Polymersome\u2010mediated intracellular delivery of antibiotics to treat\n                    <jats:italic>Porphyromonas gingivalis\u2010infected<\/jats:italic>\n                    oral epithelial cells.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 27, 4455\u20134465 (2013).\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fasebj.org\">www.fasebj.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-225219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,7]],"date-time":"2013-08-07T00:52:20Z","timestamp":1375836740000},"page":"4455-4465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":82,"title":["Polymersome\u2010mediated intracellular delivery of antibiotics to treat\n                    <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis<\/i>\n                    \u2010infected oral epithelial cells"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Kornchanok","family":"Wayakanon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Surgery School of Clinical Dentistry Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin H.","family":"Thornhill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine and Surgery School of Clinical Dentistry Sheffield UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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