{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:02:07Z","timestamp":1790694127149,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,2]],"date-time":"2014-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1401667200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010679","name":"Pasteur Institute of Iran","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010679","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Hemiscorpius lepturus<\/jats:italic>\n                    scorpionism poses one of the most dangerous health problems in many parts of the world. The common therapy consists of using antivenom antibody fragments derived from a polyclonal immune response raised in horses. However, this immunotherapy creates serious side effects, including anaphylactic shock sometimes even leading to death. Thus, many efforts have been made to introduce new replacement therapeutics that cause less adverse reactions. One of the most attractive approaches to replacing the available therapy is offered by single\u2010domain antibody fragments, or nanobodies (Nbs). We immunized dromedaries with\n                    <jats:italic>H. lepturus<\/jats:italic>\n                    toxin and identified a functional recombinant Nb (referred to as F7Nb) against heminecrolysin (HNc), the major known hemolytic and dermonecrotic fraction of\n                    <jats:italic>H. lepturus<\/jats:italic>\n                    venom. This Nb was retrieved from the immune library by phage display selection. The\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    neutralization tests indicated that 17.5 nmol of the F7Nb can inhibit 45% of the hemolytic activity of 1 EC\n                    <jats:sub>100<\/jats:sub>\n                    (7.5 \u03bcg\/ml) of HNc. The\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    neutralization tests demonstrated that F7Nb had good antihemolytic and antidermonecrotic effects against HNc in all tested mice. Surprisingly, F7Nb (8.75 nmol) neutralized 1 LD\n                    <jats:sub>100<\/jats:sub>\n                    of HNc (10 \u03bcg)\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    an intracerebroventricular route or 1 LD\n                    <jats:sub>100<\/jats:sub>\n                    (80 \u03bcg)\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    a subcutaneous route. All of the control mice died. Hence, this Nb is a potential leading novel candidate for treating\n                    <jats:italic>H. lepturus<\/jats:italic>\n                    scorpionism in the near future.\u2014Yardehnavi, N., Behdani, M., Pooshang Bagheri, K., Mahmoodzadeh, A., Khanahmad, H., Shahbazzadeh, D., Habibi\u2010Anbouhi, M., Hassanzadeh Ghassabeh, G., Muyldermans, S. A camelid antibody candidate for development of a therapeutic agent against\n                    <jats:italic>Hemiscorpius lepturus<\/jats:italic>\n                    envenomation.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J.<\/jats:italic>\n                    28, 4004\u20104014 (2014).\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fasebj.org\">www.fasebj.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-247478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,3]],"date-time":"2014-06-03T00:52:27Z","timestamp":1401756747000},"page":"4004-4014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["A camelid antibody candidate for development of a therapeutic agent against\n                    <i>Hemiscorpius lepturus<\/i>\n                    envenomation"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Najmeh","family":"Yardehnavi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Behdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamran Pooshang","family":"Bagheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir","family":"Mahmoodzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hossein","family":"Khanahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology Isfahan University of Medical Science Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Delavar","family":"Shahbazzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center, Venom and Biotherapeutics Molecules Laboratory Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Habibi\u2010Anbouhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cell Bank of Iran Pasteur Institute of Iran Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gholamreza Hassanzadeh","family":"Ghassabeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanobody Service Facility (NSF) Vlaams Institutuut vor Biotechnologie (VIB) Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serge","family":"Muyldermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Structural Biology Research Center Vlaams Institutuut vor Biotechnologie (VIB) Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Vrije Universiteit Brussel Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2008.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","first-page":"73","article-title":"The review of status of scorpion sting in Iran and problems from it","volume":"9","author":"Dehghani R.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Feyz"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2011.05.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2008.06607.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20061404"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1093\/protein\/gzr037","article-title":"Development of Cys38 knock\u2010out and humanized version of NbAahII10 nanobody with improved neutralization of AahII scorpion toxin","volume":"24","author":"Abderrazek R. 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