{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:23:57Z","timestamp":1790227437085,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,5]],"date-time":"2014-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31000770"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31000770"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012243","name":"Foundation for Distinguished Young Talents in Higher Education of Guangdong","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LYM10114"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LYM10114"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012243","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Alginate from marine seaweeds is receiving continuous attention owing to its wide physiological activities. Herein, we sought to elucidate possible effects of alginate\u2010derived polyguluronate (PG) and unsaturated guluronate oligosaccharide (GOS) on antibacterial activities of macrophages. Our results showed that, in contrast to PG, GOS markedly increased the phagocytosis of IgG\u2010opsonized\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and further inhibited the survival of intracellular bacteria in macrophages. In line with this, GOS treatment resulted in the enhanced expression of Fc\u03b3 receptors on macrophages. In addition, GOS activated NF\u2010\u03baB pathway, induced TNF\u2010\u03b1 secretion, and elevated the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and the production of nitric oxide. Meanwhile, GOS stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species in macrophages. Moreover, guluronate trimer to hexamer (G3\u2013G6) in GOS exhibited significant activity that increased the bacterial phagocytosis of macrophages, with the pentamer (G5), displaying the highest activity. Finally, our\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    results further confirmed that GOS but not PG significantly improved bacterial clearance in murine acute peritonitis. In conclusion, GOS enhances antibacterial activities of macrophages\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    modulating signaling pathways related to innate immunity, suggesting that GOS might be a promising therapeutic candidate to improve the host defense against bacterial infection. Xu, X., Bi, D., Wu, X., Wang, Q., Wei, G., Chi, L., Jiang, Z., Oda, T., and Wan, M. Unsaturated guluronate oligosaccharide enhances the antibacterial activities of macrophages.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 28, 2645\u20132654 (2014).\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fasebj.org\">www.fasebj.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-247791","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,5]],"date-time":"2014-03-05T22:33:44Z","timestamp":1394058824000},"page":"2645-2654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Unsaturated guluronate oligosaccharide enhances the antibacterial activities of macrophages"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Xu","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology Shenzhen University Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Decheng","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology Shenzhen University Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology Shenzhen University Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology Shenzhen University Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaobin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Ecology Shenzhen University Shenzhen China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianli","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Glycoengineering Research Center Shandong University Jinan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zedong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry Faculty of Fisheries Nagasaki University Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatsuya","family":"Oda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biochemistry Faculty of Fisheries Nagasaki University Nagasaki Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Physiological Chemistry II Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","first-page":"69","article-title":"Alginic acid. 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