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Here, we test the hypothesis that intraretinal spin\u2010lattice relaxation rate in the rotating frame (1\/T1\u03c1), an endogenous MRI contrast mechanism, has high potential for evaluating rod tet\u2010ARR1 and its reduction via translocation. Dark\u2010 and light\u2010exposed mice (null for the\n                    <jats:italic>ARR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene, overexpressing ARR1, diabetic, or wild type with or without treatment with Mn\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , a calcium channel probe) were studied using 1\/T1\u03c1 MRI. Immunohistochemistry and single\u2010cell recordings of the retinas were also performed. In wild\u2010type mice with or without treatment with Mn\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    , 1\/T1\u03c1 of avascular outer retina (64% to 72% depth) was significantly (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05) greater in the dark than in the light; a significant (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05) but opposite pattern was noted in the inner retina (&lt;50% depth). Light\u2010evoked outer retina \u03941\/T1\u03c1 was absent in\n                    <jats:italic>ARR1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010null mice and supernormal in overexpressing mice. In diabetic mice, the outer retinal \u03941\/T1\u03c1 pattern suggested normal dark\u2010to\u2010light tet\u2010ARR1 translocation and chromophore content, conclusions confirmed\n                    <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Light\u2010stimulated \u03941\/T1\u03c1 in inner retina was linked to changes in blood volume. Our data support 1\/T1\u03c1 MRI for noninvasively assessing rod tet\u2010ARR1 and its reduction via protein translocation, which can be combined with other metrics of retinal function\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\u2014Berkowitz, B. A., Gorgis, J., Patel, A., Baameur, F., Gurevich, V. V., Craft, C. M., Kefalov, V. J., Roberts, R. Development of an MRI biomarker sensitive to tetrameric visual arrestin 1 and its reduction\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    light\u2010evoked translocation\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo. FASEB J<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 29, 554\u2010564 (2015).\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fasebj.org\">www.fasebj.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-254953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,29]],"date-time":"2014-10-29T00:28:55Z","timestamp":1414542535000},"page":"554-564","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development of an MRI biomarker sensitive to tetrameric visual arrestin 1 and its reduction\n                    <i>via<\/i>\n                    light\u2010evoked translocation\n                    <i>in vivo<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Bruce A.","family":"Berkowitz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jawan","family":"Gorgis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ankit","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Faiza","family":"Baameur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vsevolod V.","family":"Gurevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Vanderbilt University Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheryl M.","family":"Craft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary D. Allen Laboratory for Vision Research, USC Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology and Department of Cell and Neurobiology Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vladimir J.","family":"Kefalov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Washington University in St. Louis St. Louis Missouri USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology Wayne State University Detroit Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.7.3718"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/39068"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2008.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(87)81144-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi7021359"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.23-08-03124.2003","article-title":"Light-dependent translocation of arrestin in the absence of rhodopsin phosphorylation and transducin signaling","volume":"23","author":"Mendez A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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