{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:44:31Z","timestamp":1791377071054,"version":"4.3.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]],"date-time":"2015-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Chronic low\u2010grade inflammation associated with obesity contributes to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Helminth parasites are the strongest natural inducers of type 2 immune responses, and short\u2010lived infection with rodent nematodes was reported to improve glucose tolerance in obese mice. Here, we investigated the effects of chronic infection (12 weeks) with\n                    <jats:italic>Schistosoma mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a helminth that infects millions of humans worldwide, on whole\u2010body metabolic homeostasis and white adipose tissue (WAT) immune cell composition in high\u2010fat diet\u2010induced obese C57BL\/6 male mice. Our data indicate that chronic helminth infection reduced body weight gain (\u201062%), fat mass gain (\u201089%), and adipocyte size; lowered whole\u2010body insulin resistance (\u201023%) and glucose intolerance (\u201016%); and improved peripheral glucose uptake (+25%) and WAT insulin sensitivity. Analysis of immune cell composition by flow cytometry and quantitative PCR (qPCR) revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    promoted strong increases in WAT eosinophils and alternatively activated (M2) macrophages. Importantly, injections with\n                    <jats:italic>S. mansonir<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010soluble egg antigens (SEA) recapitulated the beneficial effect of parasite infection on whole\u2010body metabolic homeostasis and induced type 2 immune responses in WAT and liver. Taken together, we provide novel data suggesting that chronic helminth infection and helminth\u2010derived molecules protect against metabolic disorders by promoting a T helper 2 (Th2) response, eosinophilia, and WAT M2 polarization.\u2014Hussaarts, L., Garc\u00eda\u2010Tard\u00f3n, N., van Beek, L., Heemskerk, M. M., Haeberlein, S., van der Zon, G. C., Ozir\u2010Fazalalikhan, A., Berb\u00e9e, J. F. P., Willems van Dijk, K., van Harmelen, V., Yazdanbakhsh, M., Guigas, B. Chronic helminth infection and helminth\u2010derived egg antigens promote adipose tissue M2 macrophages and improve insulin sensitivity in obese mice.\n                    <jats:italic>FASEB J<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 29, 3027\u20103039 (2015).\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fasebj.org\">www.fasebj.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.14-266239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,8]],"date-time":"2015-04-08T00:42:22Z","timestamp":1428453742000},"page":"3027-3039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":184,"title":["Chronic helminth infection and helminth\u2010derived egg antigens promote adipose tissue M2 macrophages and improve insulin sensitivity in obese mice"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Leonie","family":"Hussaarts","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noem\u00ed","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Tard\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianne","family":"van Beek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mattijs M.","family":"Heemskerk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simone","family":"Haeberlein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerard C.","family":"van der Zon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arifa","family":"Ozir\u2010Fazalalikhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimmy F. P.","family":"Berb\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ko Willems","family":"van Dijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanessa","family":"van Harmelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Yazdanbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Guigas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center Leiden The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa021423"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0298"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2921"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319246"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200319451"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3071"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.271.5249.665"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7678183"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.130.1.1370149","article-title":"Stimulation of lipolysis in cultured fat cells by tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and the interferons is blocked by inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis","volume":"130","author":"Feingold K. R.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.134.6.8194485"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05483"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2885"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2353"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5133","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1215840110","article-title":"B Cells promote inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes through regulation of T-cell function and an inflammatory cytokine profile","volume":"110","author":"De Furia J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29881"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1201475"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20121964"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1009152108"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2517"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000707"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1004140"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00053-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-235911"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2013)Schistosomiasis [electronic version].http:\/\/www.who.int\/schistosomiasis\/en\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1601"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1183"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2011.05.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2007.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.86.5.2220"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-7-24","article-title":"High levels of dietary stearate promote adiposity and deteriorate hepatic insulin sensitivity","volume":"7","author":"Van den Berg S. A.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. (Land)"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1000324"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0194"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.4.1704"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.12.6712"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_1","article-title":"Characterization of distinct subpopulations of hepatic macrophages in HFD\/obese mice","author":"Morinaga H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.1111566"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2962"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri843"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20082460"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20111381"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1262"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M500294-JLR200"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1475"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1204351"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1315854111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64941"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri2730"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70771-6"}],"container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1096\/fj.14-266239","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1096\/fj.14-266239","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1096\/fj.14-266239","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T16:44:38Z","timestamp":1761669878000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1096\/fj.14-266239"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1096\/fj.14-266239"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1096\/fj.14-266239","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.3410\/f.725427015.793551831","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0892-6638","1530-6860"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0892-6638","type":"print"},{"value":"1530-6860","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2014-10-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-03-09","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2015-04-07","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}