{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T09:27:51Z","timestamp":1792229271686,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,16]],"date-time":"2016-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1458086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001352","name":"National University of Singapore","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001352","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["The FASEB Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Trocarin D (TroD), a venom prothrombin activator from\n                    <jats:italic>Tropidechis carinatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , shares similar structure and function with blood coagulation factor Xa [\n                    <jats:italic>Tropidechis carinatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    FX (TrFX) a]. Their distinct physiologic roles are due to their distinct expression patterns. The genes of\n                    <jats:italic>TroD<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>TrFX<\/jats:italic>\n                    are highly similar, except for promoter and intron 1, indicating that\n                    <jats:italic>TroD<\/jats:italic>\n                    has probably evolved by duplication of\n                    <jats:italic>FX<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the plasma counterpart. The promoter insertion in\n                    <jats:italic>TroD<\/jats:italic>\n                    accounts for the elevated but not venom gland\u2010specific expression. Here we examined the roles of 3 insertions and 2 deletions in intron 1 of\n                    <jats:italic>TroD<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the regulation of expression using luciferase as a reporter. By systematic deletions, we showed that a 209 bp region within the second insertion silences expression in mammalian and unmilked venom gland cells. Through bioinformatics analysis, we identified 5 AG\u2010rich motifs in this region. All except the 5th motif are important for silencing function. YY1, Sp3 and HMGB2 were identified to bind these AG\u2010rich motifs and silence gene expression in mammalian cells. Similar AG\u2010rich motif clusters are also found in other toxin genes but not in their physiologic counterparts. Thus, AG\u2010rich motifs contribute to regulation of expression of\n                    <jats:italic>TroD<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and probably other toxin genes.\u2014Han, S. X., Kwong, S., Ge, R., Kolatkar, P. R., Woods, A. E., Blanchet, G., Kini, R. M. Regulation of expression of venom toxins: silencing of prothrombin activator trocarin D by AG\u2010rich motifs. FASEB J. 30, 2411\u20132425 (2016).\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/www.fasebj.org\">www.fasebj.org<\/jats:ext-link>\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201600213r","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,17]],"date-time":"2016-03-17T00:03:56Z","timestamp":1458173036000},"page":"2411-2425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Regulation of expression of venom toxins: silencing of prothrombin activator trocarin D by AG\u2010rich motifs"],"prefix":"10.1096","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Summer Xia","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyang","family":"Kwong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruowen","family":"Ge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasanna R.","family":"Kolatkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Qatar Foundation for Education, Science, and Community Development Doha Qatar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anthony E.","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences University of South Australia Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Blanchet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences National University of Singapore Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. 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